MCQs on Indian National Movement (Modern History)

Vasudev Balvant Phadake:

• ​Vasudev Phadke was born in Shirdhon village, in the Raigad district.
• He was one of the earliest graduates of Bombay University, After that, he moved to Pune and took up a job as a clerk in the Military Finance Office.
• He started building an army of revolutionaries in order to overthrow the British in an armed struggle. He is hence aptly called the ‘Father of militant nationalism in India.’
• Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay’s patriotic novel Anand Math incorporated various contemporary acts of patriotism performed by Phadke during his freedom struggle.
• "Datta Mahatmya", which contains 7000 Owis, written by Vasudev Balwant Phadake.
• ​Phadke, along with Laxman Indapurkar and Waman Bhave started the Poona Native Institution in 1874.
• This was later renamed the Maharashtra Education Society. This society runs many schools and colleges to this day.
• Amrit Bazar Patrika in his editorial called Phadake "A great hero like the Himalayas full of Patriotism" in November 1897 after the arrest of Phadake.
• He was tried at Pune, and then transported for a life sentence to Aden. In jail, he contracted tuberculosis and died as a result on 17th February 1883 aged just 37.

• Moderates:
  • Their social base was zamindars and upper-middle classes in towns. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
  • Their ideological inspiration was European history and they were of thought, Western liberal.
  • They believed that the political connections with Britain are in the interest of India, social, political and cultural interests. Hence statement 3 is incorrect.
  • They professed loyalty towards the British crown.
  • They believe that the moment should be limited to middle-class people and intelligentsia.
  • They demanded constitutional reforms and share for Indians in the civil services. Hence, statement 2 is correct.
  • They insisted on the use of constitutional methods only.
  • Some famous moderate leaders are Surendranath Banarjee, Dadabai Naoroji, Pheroze shah Mehta, Gopalakrishna Gokhale and M. G. Ranade.

• Extremists:
  • Their social base was educated middle and lower-middle classes in towns.
  • Indian history, cultural heritage and Hindu traditional symbols were their ideological inspirations.
  • They believed that political connections with return would perpetuate British exploitation of India.
  • They believed that the British crown was unworthy of claiming Indian loyalty.
  • They had immense faith in the capacity of the masses to participate and to make sacrifices for freedom.
  • They demanded swaraj as the ultimate solution for the Indian problems.
  • They used unconstitutional methods like boycotts and passive resistance to achieve their objectives and aims.
  • Some famous extremist leaders are Lala Lajpat Rai, Bal Gangadhar Tilak. Bipin Chandra Pal, Aurobindo Ghose, and Ashwini Kumar Dutt.

Rebels and revolt

• 10th May 1857, the sepoys in the cantonment of Meerut broke out in mutiny. Hence statement 1 is correct.
• The sepoys captured the bell of arms where the arms and ammunition were kept and proceeded to attack white people and ransack and burn their bungalows and property.
• Shah Mal mobilised the villagers of pargana Barout in Uttar Pradesh; Gonoo, a tribal cultivator of Singhbhum in Chotanagpur became a rebel leader of the Kol tribals of the region
• Gonoo was a leader of the Singhbhum tribal region of the 1857 revolt. Hence statement 2 is correct.
• In 1851 Governor-General Lord Dalhousie described the kingdom of Awadh as “a cherry that will drop into our mouth one day”. Hence statement 3 is incorrect.
• Five years later, in 1856, the kingdom was formally annexed to the British Empire.

• The increasing availability of the market for Indian cotton did not contribute to the uprising in 1857 in terms of the economy because Indian cotton was banned from the European markets.
• One of the main causes of the 1857 revolt's start was high taxation. In 1857, the land tax was a significant tax that the peasants were required to pay.
• The right to collect land tax and other payments from the peasants who were cultivating the land belonged to zamindars, jagirdars, and others.
• The demand for agriculture and land mounted as Indian industry collapsed.
• The positions of all Indian state rulers, including sepoys, zamindars, peasants, traders, craftsmen, pundits, and maulvis, had been badly impacted by the cumulative influence of British expansionist policies, economic exploitation, and administrative innovations throughout the years.

• The British policy of economical exploitation of India was the main source of public discontent.
• All societal segments were harmed by this. Due to the enormous demands for revenue and the stringent revenue collection policies, the peasants suffered.
• The massive influx of low-cost British manufactured goods into India, which made it unprofitable for them to create their hand-crafted goods, destroyed artisans and craftsmen.

• The Deccan Education Society (DES)
  • It was established in 1884 by the stalwarts of India's freedom struggle, like GOPAL GANESH AGARKAR and LOKMANYA TILAK and later built by great personalities of the era, like GOPAL KRISHNA GOKHALE and DHONDO KESHAV KARVE (honoured with Bharat Ratna). Bal Gangadhar tilak belongs to extremist leaders. Hence, Option 2 is correct.
  • Deccan education society is an organization that runs 43 education establishments in Maharastra, Pune founded by Bal Gangadhar Tilak.
  • The two leaders also vied for the control of the Poona Sarvajanik Sabha and the founding of the Deccan Sabha by Gokhale in 1896 was the consequence of Tilak coming out ahead.

• The London Indian Society
  • ​In 1865, the London Indian Society was founded under the guidance of Dadabhai Naoroji.
  • It was formed by Indian students as a forum to air political grievances.
  • Europeans were allowed to be honorary members but could not vote or hold office.
  • Of the founding group of students, they included W. C. Bonnerjee, Manomohun Ghose, Pherozeshah Mehta, and Badruddin Tyabji.
  • In 1866, the London Indian Society was superseded by the East India Association, although it did continue to exist in some separate form for a few more years.
• East India Association
  • ​The East India Association was founded by Dadabhai Naoroji in 1866, in collaboration with Indians and retired British officials in London.
  • It superseded the London Indian Society and was a platform for discussing matters and ideas about India, and providing representation for Indians to the Government.
  • Naoroji delivered the first lecture to the Association on 2 May 1867.
  • The Association's first President was Lord Lyveden.
  • The East India Association incorporated the National Indian Association in 1949 and became the Britain, India, and Pakistan Association.
  • In 1966 it amalgamated with the former India Society, now Royal India, Pakistan, and Ceylon Society, to become the Royal Society for India, Pakistan, and Ceylon.
• Indian Society
  • ​In 1872, Anand Mohan Bose formed an Indian Society in London to foster the spirit of nationalism among the Indian residents in Britain.
  • Later, this organisation became an important platform for Indians to voice their demands.
• Sarvajanik Sabha
  • ​Poona Sarvajanik Sabha was a socio-political organisation in British India that started with the aim of working as a mediating body between the government and the people of India and popularising the peasants' legal rights.
  • It started as an elected body of 95 members elected by 6000 persons on April 2, 1870.
  • The organisation was a precursor to the Indian National Congress which started with its first session in Maharashtra itself.
  • The Pune Sarvajanik Sabha provided many of the prominent leaders of national stature to the Indian freedom struggle including Bal Gangadhar Tilak.
  • It was formed in 1870 by Ganesh Vasudeo Joshi commonly known as Sarvajanik Kaka.

• Abhinav Bharat Society was a secret society established by Vinayak Damodar Savarkar and his brother Ganesh Damodar Savarkar in 1904. Hence, pair 1 is correct.
  • Originally founded at Nasik as "Mitra Mela" when Vinayak Savarkar was still a student of Fergusson College at Pune, the society grew to include several hundred revolutionaries and political activists with branches in various parts of India, extending to London after Savarkar went to study law.
  • It carried out a few assassinations of British officials, following which the Savarkar brothers were convicted and imprisoned.
  • Savarkar's revolutionary propaganda led to the assassination of Lt. Col. William Curzon-Wyllie, the political aide to the Secretary of State for India, by Madanlal Dhingra on the evening of 1 July 1909, at a gathering of Indian students in the Imperial Institute in London.
  • The society was formally dismissed in 1952.
• The Kuka movement was founded in 1845 by Bhagat Jawahar Mal in Western Punjab.
  • Guru Ram Singh was a major leader. Hence, pair 2 is correct.
  • After the British conquered Punjab, the movement got transformed from a religious purification campaign to a political campaign.
  • The basic tenets of the movement were the abolition of caste and similar discrimination among Sikhs, discouraging the consumption of meat and alcohol and drugs, permission for intermarriages, widow remarriage, and encouraging women to step out of seclusion.
  • On the political side, Kukas wanted to remove the British and restore Sikh rule over Punjab.
  • They advocated wearing handwoven clothes and boycott English laws, education, and products.
  • It was like a Swadeshi and non-cooperation movement propagated.
  • As the moment gained popularity, the British took several steps to crush it from 1863 to 1872.
  • Guru Ram Singh was deported to Rangoon in 1872.
• Chittagong armoury raid also known as the Chittagong uprising, was an attempt on 18 April 1930 to raid the armoury of police and auxiliary forces from the Chittagong armoury in the Bengal Presidency of British India.
  • The raid was led by revolutionary leader Surya Sen.
  • Kalpana Dutta was the female leader of Chittagong armoury raid. Hence, pair 3 is correct.
  • Other team members are Lokenath Bal, Ganesh Ghosh, Ambika Chakrobarty, Harigopal Bal, Ananta Singh, Anand Prasad Gupta, Tripura Sen, Bilash Dey, Bidhubhusan Bhattacharya, Pritilata Waddedar, Kalpana Dutta, Himangshu Sen, Binod Bihari Chowdhury, Subodh Roy, Monoranjan Bhattacharya.
  • Historians depicted this raid as a failed attempt.

Hunter Commission on Education 1882:

• The Hunter Commission of 1882 was presided over by Sir William Hunter and was appointed by Lord Ripon, the then viceroy of India.
• Major recommendations by the Hunter Commission of 1882 resulted in the following changes in the education system of British India:
  • Preference was given to literate candidates for government jobs in the lower levels, along with the expansion of primary schools in backward districts.
  • District and municipal boards were entrusted with the management of primary education under the Local Self Government Act. The funds were separated for rural and urban areas to avoid funds earmarked for rural schools being misappropriated by urban schools.
  • Secondary schools were to be established by private parties with funds provided by the government. Model schools fully run by the government were to be opened in each district to guide such private schools.
  • The secondary school curriculum was also revised with academic and vocational courses diversified into different branches.
  • Missionary schools were discouraged, and Indian participation in the private school system was solicited by the raj. Special care was supposed to be taken in advancing the education of girls and women.
• Pandita Ramabai:
  • ​Ramabai gave evidence before the commission suggesting that the teachers should be trained for their jobs and more women should be appointed by schools.
  • She also demanded that there should be more women in the medical field for some treatments for women required the presence of other women. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
• Mahatma Phule:
  • ​Mahatma Jothirao Phule presented his testimonies regarding education to Hunter Commission (Education Commission) in 1882.
  • Phule argues that the theory adopted by the government that education should go down from the upper classes of society to the masses is nothing but a “utopian” idea. Hence, statement 2 is correct.
• ​As a member and later leader of the Theosophical Society, Annie Besant came to India in 1893. She had not given evidence before Hunter's commission. Hence, statement 3 is not correct.

• Gopal Krishna Gokhale established the Servants of Indian Society to unite and train Indians of different castes and religions in welfare work.
• Servants of India Society is established by Gopal Krishna Gokhale in 1905 for the expansion of Indian education.
• In the field of famine relief, union organization, cooperatives, and uplift of tribals and depressed, the Society did commendable work.
• The society worked in the fields of promotion of education, removal of untouchability, promotion of sanitation and healthcare, etc.
• From 1911, it also published its newsletter titled “Hitavada” in English from Nagpur.
• The society still exists and has its headquarters in Pune.

• Lal Bahadur Shastri was India’s second Prime Minister (1964-66).
• He was the first person to be posthumously awarded the Bharat Ratna (1966).

Queen Victoria's Proclamation (1858):

• British Parliament, on August 2, 1858, passed an act for the Better Government of India.
• The act declared Queen Victoria as the sovereign of British India and provided for the appointment of a Secretary of State for India (a member of the British cabinet).
• The direct responsibility for the administration of the country was assumed by the British Crown and Company rule was abolished. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
• East India Company was liquidated. Hence, statement 3 is not correct.
• As per the Queen’s proclamation, the era of annexations and expansion had ended and the British promised to respect the dignity and rights of the native princes.
• The Indian states were henceforth to recognise the paramountcy of the British Crown and were to be treated as parts of a single charge.
• The people of India were promised freedom of religion without interference from British officials.
• The proclamation also promised equal and impartial protection under the law to all Indians, besides equal opportunities in government services irrespective of race or creed. Hence, statement 2 is correct.
• It was also promised that old Indian rights, customs, and practices would be given due regard while framing and administering the law.

option 3 is not correct.

The first phase of the revolutionary movement

• The early phase of the revolutionary movement was predominantly operated in Bengal, Maharashtra, and Punjab. Hence, statement 2 is correct.
• The entry of Gandhi Ji into Indian politics brought a revolution in the form of satyagraha, which lead to the decline of revolutionary and terrorist activities. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
• The movement focused on individual heroism and was not able to mobilize the masses. Hence statement 3 is incorrect.
• The era of revolutionary terrorism began with the formation of secret societies of the revolutionaries who came up all over the country.
• The Anusilan Samiti was the most famous and long-lasting secret society. Hence statement 4 is correct.

Anushilan Samiti

• The Anushilan Samiti was founded by Promotha Mitter and included Jatindranath Banerjee, Barindra Kumar Ghosh, and others in 1902.
• It was headquartered in Calcutta but has centres all over India.
• The Samiti has two main branches:
  • Dhaka Anushilan Samiti (centred in Dhaka)
  • Jugantar group (centred at Calcutta)

Bombay Presidency Association was established by Phirozshah Mehta, K.T Telang and Badruddin Tyabji.

• It was founded in 1885.
• The reactionary policies of Lytton and the Ilbert Bill controversy led to the formation of The Bombay Presidency Association.
• The Association championed Indian interests and hosted the first meeting of the Indian National Congress in Bombay at the end of 1885.
• Phirozshah Mehta was knighted by the British Government in India for his service to the law.
  • He was one of the founding members and President of the Indian National Congress in 1890.
• K. T. Tailang was an Indologist and Indian judge at Bombay High Court.
• Badruddin Tyabji served as the third President of the Indian National Congress. He was one of the founding members and first Muslim president of the Indian National Congress.
• In 1910, he started "The Bombay Chronicle" which was an English-language weekly newspaper, which became an important nationalist voice of its time.

• The Indian Association was the first avowed nationalist organization founded in British India by Surendranath Banerjee and Ananda Mohan Bose in 1876.
• The India League was a Britain-based organization whose aim was to campaign for full independence and self-government for India. The activist, lawyer and editor V. K. Krishna Menon was the driving force behind it.

• Recommendations of Lord Macaulay (in the backdrop of the Charter Act of 1853 along with Queen’s Proclamation of 1858) led to the enactment of the Indian Civil Services Act 1861 which allowed Indians to compete at par with the Britishers in open merit-based recruitment.
  • Initially, the examinations for the Indian Civil Service were conducted only in London, and the age limit was set between 18 years and 23 years.
  • The syllabus was moulded in favor of British residents which made it difficult for Indians to succeed.
  • In 1864, Shri Satyendranath Tagore, brother of Shri Rabindranath Tagore became the first Indian to succeed at the exam.
• The Government of India Act 1919, also known as the Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms, provided for holding Indian Civil Services Recruitment Examination in India along with England.
• This change increased the accessibility to these exams for Indians, and over time led to a higher representation of Indians in the administration.

• The Report recommended that the patronage-based system of East India Company should be replaced by a Permanent Civil Service based on a merit-based system with entry through competitive examinations.
• On the recommendations, a Civil Service Commission was set up in 1854 in London and competitive examinations were started in 1855.
• The Charter Act of 1853 officially ended Company’s patronage to appoint servants and this along with Lord Macaulay’s recommendations paved the way for an open merit-based examination to recruit civil servants.

• Jatindra Nath Mukherjee
  • He was a great Indian revolutionary personality who made Britishers feel the power of Indian resistance and resentment against British imperialism and colonialism. He was born in the Jhenaidha district of Bengal in 1879.
  • It is said that he came to be called ‘Bagha Jatin’ after killing a tiger single-handedly without any arms.
  • Jatin, a man with a strong sense of self-respect and national pride, came in contact with Aurobindo Ghosh and his Anushilan Samiti.
  • As a college student, Jatindranath joined a relief camp organised by Sister Nivedita, the Irish disciple of Swami Vivekananda.
  • He was influenced by the Bhagavad Gita and the writings of Bankim Chandra.
  • He was also inspired by Sri Aurbindo’s Bhavani Mandir and Swami Vivekananda.
  • In 1905, Bagha Jatin established an association called Chhatra Bhandar. Although it was established as a student cooperative store association, it served as an outfit for the revolutionaries of Bengal.
  • Bagha Jatin inspired a large group of young revolutionaries. M.N. Roy and Bagha Jatin worked together extensively and soon M.N. Roy accepted Bagha Jatin as his leader.
  • Thirty years before Bose's move, there was another attempt by another great Indian revolutionary to win independence for India in cooperation with Germany.
  • Against the backdrop of the outbreak of World War l, Bagha Jatin had conceived an armed insurrection against the British in cooperation with Germany. Hence, Option 4 is correct.
  • Incidentally, this chapter is missing from popular history. Bagha Jatin famously declared, 'India has to rise with her own strength.

• Prafulla Chandra Chaki
  • He was an Indian revolutionary associated with the Jugantar group of revolutionaries who carried out assassinations against British colonial officials in an attempt to secure Indian independence.⁣
  • He was born in a well-to-do Jotdar family in 1888 in Bihar, a village in Bogra district of current day Bangladesh, then a part of Bengal Presidency.
• Ashfaqulla Khan (1900 – 1927)
  • He was a freedom fighter in the Indian independence movement. He was born in Shahjahanpur, Uttar Pradesh.
  • In the mid-1920s, Ashfaqulla Khan and Ram Prasad Bismil went on to found the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA), with the aim of winning freedom for the country through an armed revolution. HSRA published its manifesto titled “The Revolutionary” in 1925.
  • He along with Ram Prasad Bismil was sentenced to death for the Kakori train robbery, commonly referred to as the Kakori conspiracy of 1925.
• Khudiram Bose
  • Born in 1889, Bose is highly regarded in Bengal for his fearless spirit.
  • Unlike other leaders like Subhash Chandra Bose, however, Khudiram’s legacy has been largely limited to Bengal.
  • In 1905, when Bengal was partitioned, he actively participated in protests against the British.
  • At the age of 15, Bose joined the Anushilan Samiti, an early 20th-century organisation that propounded revolutionary activities in Bengal.
  • The deciding moment of Bose’s life came in 1908 when he along with another revolutionary, Prafulla Chaki was assigned the task of assassinating the district magistrate of Muzaffarpur.

The Hindu–German Conspiracy/Zimmerman Plan:-

• The Hindu–German Conspiracy was a series of attempts between 1914 and 1917 by Indian nationalist groups to create a Pan-Indian rebellion against the British Empire during World War I.
• This rebellion was formulated between the Indian revolutionary underground and exiled or self-exiled nationalists in the United States.
• The Berlin committee was established for Indian Independence in the year 1915.
• Berlin drew activists such as Har Dayal, Maulana Barkatullah, Virendranath Chattopadhyay, Raja Mahendra Pratap, Bhai Parmanand, and others who formed part of the Berlin India Committee.
• The committee was formed with the help of the German foreign office under the ‘Zimmerman Plan’.
• The main aim of the committee was to send volunteers and arms to India.
• During the First World War, the Jugantar party arranged to import German arms and ammunition through sympathizers and revolutionaries abroad.
• Jatin asked Rashbehari Bose to take charge of Upper India, aiming to bring about an all-India insurrection in what has come to be called the ‘German Plot’ or the ‘Zimmerman Plan’.

• Abhinav Bharat Society was a secret society founded in 1904.
• It was founded by Vinayak Damodar Savarkar and his brother Ganesh Damodar Savarkar.
• Abhinav Bharat Society was Initially founded at Nasik as "Mitra Mela".
• It was renamed by Swantraveer Vinayak Savarkar in 1904.
• Abhinav Bharat society was formally disbanded in 1952.

• V.D. Savarkar was an Indian activist associated with Hindu Mahasabha.
• Savarkar was imprisoned in the Cellular Jail in the Andaman Islands in 1910.
• He was charged as a co-conspirator in the assassination of Mahatma Gandhi in 1948.
• The Indian War of Independence is a famous book written by V.D. Savarkar.
• The airport at Port Blair was renamed Veer Savarkar International Airport in 2002.

• Prafulla Chandra Chaki was an Indian revolutionary who was associated with the Jugantar group of revolutionaries.
• Sachin Sanyal was the co-founder of the Hindustan Republican Association.
• Rash Behari Bose was one of the key organisers of the Ghadar Mutiny and the founder of the Japanese branch of Hindu Mahasabha.

Ramosi Peasant force, 1879: The first of the revolutionary activities in Maharashtra was the organisation of the Ramosi Peasant force by Vasudev Balwant Phadke in 1879.

• It aimed to rid the country of the British by instigating an armed revolt by disrupting the communication lines.
• It hoped to raise funds for its activities through dacoities.
• It was suppressed prematurely.

Alipore Conspiracy case, 1908: Also referred to as the Muraripukur conspiracy, or the Manicktolla bomb conspiracy, was a criminal case held in India in 1908.

• The case saw the trial of a number of Indian nationalists of the Anushilan Samiti in Calcutta, under charges of "Waging war against the Government" of the British Raj.
• The trial was held at Alipore Sessions Court, Calcutta, between May 1908 and May 1909.
• Among the famous accused were Aurobindo Ghosh, his brother Barin Ghosh as well as 38 other Bengali nationalists of the Anushilan Samiti.

Komagata Maru incident, 1914: The incident involved the Japanese steamship Komagata Maru, on which a group of people from British India attempted to immigrate to Canada in April 1914.

• But most were denied entry and forced to return to Calcutta (present-day Kolkata). There, the Indian Imperial Police attempted to arrest the group leaders.
• A riot ensued, and they were fired upon by the police, resulting in the deaths of 22 people.
• Komagata Maru sailed from British Hong Kong, via Shanghai, China, and Yokohama, Japan, to Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, on April 4, 1914, carrying 376 passengers from Punjab province in British India.

• Many newspapers chose to highlight the plight of the people during the British Raj in hopes of creating a movement for swaraj.
• After 1905, several newspapers had begun to advocate revolutionaries', the Sandhya and the Yugantar in Bengal and the Kal in Maharashtra were the most prominent among them. Hence option 4 is correct.

Yugantar Newspaper

• It was a Bengali weekly newspaper started by Barindra Kumar Ghosh that preached open revolt and absolute denial of British Rule.
• Yugantar, which was to preach open revolt and the absolute denial of the British rule and include such items as a series of articles containing instructions for guerrilla warfare.
• It wrote out its message in words of fire and spread it to the four corners of the land.
• It openly aimed at the destruction of British rule in India.

Sandhya

• Brahmabandhab Upadhyay served as the editor of Sandhya during his last days.
• Following the partition of Bengal in 1905, nationalist beliefs grew in popularity, and various newspapers, notably Sandhya, were active in spreading them.

Kal

• Kal newspaper was founded by Shivram Mahajape Paranjape in 1898.
• It was a Marathi weekly.

Revolutionary Activities:

Reason for emergence

• Younger elements were not ready to retreat after the decline of the open phase.
• Leadership's failure to tap revolutionary energies of the youth.
• Government repression left no peaceful avenues open for protest.

Ideology

• Assassinate unpopular officials, thus strike terror in the hearts of rulers and arouse people to expel the British with force; based on individual heroic actions on lines of Irish nationalists or Russian nihilists and not a mass-based countrywide struggle.

Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental Defence Association:

• Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental Defence Association was established in 1893 by Syed Ahmad Khan as a part of the Aligarh movement. Hence, option 4 is correct.
• He established it as he considered competence in English and "Western sciences" necessary skills for maintaining Muslims' political influence, especially in Northern India.
• Also, the growing influence and popularity of Congress became a cause of concern for the British.
• In order to counter the growing influence of the Congress, the British encouraged the formation of the Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental (M.A.O.) Defence Association in the year 1893.​

Sir Syed Ahmed Khan:

• Sir Syed is, first and foremost, known for his pioneering role in transforming educational opportunities for Muslims.
• Sir Syed established the Scientific Society in 1864, in Aligarh to translate Western works into Indian languages to prepare the Muslims to accept Western education and to inculcate scientific temperament among the Muslims.
• In 1877, he founded the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College on the pattern of Oxford and Cambridge universities. The college later grew into Aligarh Muslim University.

• In 1896, the dreaded disease of plague had struck Pune and by early 1897, the disease had spread critically.
• The government set up a Special Plague Committee in March that year to handle the menace and control the spread of the disease. It was chaired by an Indian Civil Service (ICS) officer W. C. Rand.
• A conspiracy for assassination targeting Charles Rand was hatched by some hot-headed youth like Damodar Chaupaker, Balkrishna Chaupekar, Vasudev Chaupekar, Mahadev Vinayak Ranade and Khando Vishnu Sathe alleging his insensitivity to native orthodoxy.
• On 22 June 1897, the Diamond Jubilee of the coronation of Queen Victoria was celebrated in Poona.
• In a bomb attack, The Plague Commissioner Rand was critically injured while his companion Lieutenant Ayerst died on the spot.
• Damodar was arrested after being informed on by the Dravid brothers. He was tried and hanged on 18th April 1898.
• Bal Krishna and Vasudev also murdered Ganesh Dravid and his brother Ramchandra Dravid on suspicion of being police informers for the murder of Rand and Ayerst.
• Balkrishna avoided arrest till 1899 when he was caught and tried by the police. He was hanged on 12th May 1899.
• Vasudeo was hanged on 8th May 1899. Ranade was hanged on 10th May and Sathe, a juvenile, was sentenced to 10 years’ rigorous imprisonment.

• This incident is known as the Delhi conspiracy case.
• Rashbehari Bose and Sachin Sanyal staged this bomb attack on Viceroy Hardinge when he was making his official entry into the new capital of Delhi in a procession through Chandni Chowk in December 1912.
• After trial, Basant Kumar Biswas, Amir Chand, Avadh Behari and Bakmukund were convicted and executed.
• Avadh Behari was a great revolutionary of the Indian freedom struggle.
• Amir Chandwas a great patriot and a great revolutionary of the Indian freedom struggle.
• Balmukund was born in a Hindu family, he was a teacher and a great revolutionary of the Indian freedom struggle.
• Pulin Behari was born in a Bengali family, he was an Indian revolutionary and the founder-president of the Dhaka Anushilan Samiti.

• In the first week of February in 1922 at Chauri-Chaura, demonstrators participating in the Non-cooperation movement attacked and set fire to a police station, killing all of its occupants.
• On 12 February 1922, the Congress leaders met at Bardoli and Gandhiji decided to withdraw the Non-cooperation movement.
• By Bardoli resolution, the Non-cooperation movement was withdrawn. So, option 2 is correct.
• Bardoli (Surat, Gujarat) satyagraha was a no-tax movement launched in mid-February 1928.

The Karachi Resolution was passed by the Indian National Congress at its 1931 Karachi session. The Session was conducted in the shadow of three major events.

1. Mahatma Gandhi had just been released from prison following his Salt Satyagraha.
2. The Gandhi-Irwin pact had just been concluded which had brought the civil disobedience movement to an end, and;
3. The British government had, a week before the session, executed Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev, and Raj Guru in connection with the Kakori Conspiracy Case.

Gandhi–Irwin Pact (or Delhi Pact) was signed on March 5, 1931. By the terms of which Congress agreed to withdraw the Civil Disobedience Movement and participate in the ongoing Round Table Conferences.

The government in return agreed to release political prisoners and withdraw harsh ordinances. People living near the sea were permitted to make salt for their own use.

The Congress leaders had left for Karachi (for the Congress session) before the news of the execution of Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev, and Rajguru (executed on march 23) became public. There were processions and hartals in various places to protest against the executions. The Karachi Congress met six days after the execution of Bhagat Singh, on March 29, 1931. The Congress session at Karachi (1931) endorsed the Gandhi–Irwin Pact. It also adopted two resolutions on Fundamental Rights and Economic Policy.

Gandhi–Irwin Pact was opposed by Jawaharlal Nehru opposed. Subhas Chandra Bose, whom the Government kept in jail throughout negotiations, and many other Nationalists thought the amnesty for the prisoners was too narrow in scope and those convicted of murder should also be freed, or should at least have their death sentences commuted.

However, Purshotamdas Thakurdas, a prominent industrialist and also a moderate leader did not oppose the Gandhi Irwin Pact. He always favored coordination with the British government.

As a result of the Gandhi-Irwin Pact- Congress participated in the Second Round Table Conference which was held in 1931 from September – December.

Gandhi was the sole representative of Congress. The Conference in London was inconclusive, so Gandhiji returned to India and resumed civil disobedience. The Conference was deadlocked on the question of the minorities. Later, Lord Willingdon succeeded Lord Irwin as viceroy. Ramsay MacDonald declared the ‘Communal Award.

• Imprisonment without trial was one of the measures taken by the British government under the Rowlatt Act.
• This law was passed in March 1919 by the Imperial Legislative Council.
• The Rowlatt Act is also known as the Anarchical and Revolutionary Crimes Act of 1919.
• Rowlatt Satyagraha was started by Mahatma Gandhi in response to the British government enacting the Rowlatt Act.

• The Rowlatt Commission was appointed by the British Government in 1918.
• It caused a wave of anger in all sections spreading a country-wide agitation by Gandhiji and marking the foundation of the Non-Cooperation Movement.
• Lord Chelmsford was the Viceroy when the Rowlatt Act was passed.

• Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty was an Indian merchant and political activist.
  • He is the founder of the Madras Native Association.

• Madras Native Association was one of the earliest political associations in India.
  • The main objective of the organization was to protest against any injustice on the part of the British.
  • It was founded in 1852.
  • Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty served as its first president.
  • P. Somasundaram Chettiar served as the first Secretary of the organization
  • L. Venkateswara Naidu and G. Yogambara Mudaliar were the leading members of the Committee of Management of the Madras Native Association.
  • Madras Native Association was the first Indian political organization in the Madras Presidency to vent for the rights of Indians.
  • The organization was dissolved in 1867.
  • Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty was the second Indian to be appointed a member of the Madras Legislative Council.
  • He founded the Crescent newspaper in 1844.
    • It was the first Indian-owned newspaper in the Madras Presidency for the "amelioration of the condition of Hindus".

• The Vishal Andhra was a movement for a united state for all Telugu speakers.
  • It was led by the Communist Party of India under the banner of Andhra Mahasabha.
  • The main objective of the movement was to merge all the Telugu-speaking areas into one state.
• The Andhra movement was a campaign for recognition of the Telugu-speaking part of the Madras Presidency as a separate political unit in British India.
• The Telangana movement emerged for the creation of a new state, Telangana, from the pre-existing state of Andhra Pradesh in India.

• The Indian National Congress was formed in 1885 by A.O. Hume, an Englishman, and a retired civil servant.
• The first session of INC was held at Gokuldas Tejpal Sanskriti College in Bombay.
• It was presided over by Womesh Chandra Banerjee of Bengal and attended by 72 delegates.
• Lord Dufferin was Viceroy of India from 1884 - 1888.
• The leading figures during the first phase of the National Movement were A.O. Hume, W.C. Banerjee, Surendra Nath Banerjee, Dadabhai Naoroji, Feroze Shah Mehta, Gopalakrishna Gokhale, Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya, Badruddin Tyabji, Justice Ranade, and G.Subramanya Aiyar.
• The Moderates had faith in British justice and goodwill.
• They were called moderates because they adopted peaceful and constitutional means to achieve their demands.

Methods of Moderates :

• The Moderates had total faith in the British sense of justice and fair play.
• They were loyal to the British.
• They looked to England for inspiration and guidance.
• The Moderates used petitions, resolutions, meetings, leaflets and pamphlets, memorandums, and delegations to present their demands.
• Moderates were opposed to the use of boycotts. Hence, statement 3 is incorrect.
• They confined their political activities to the educated classes only. Hence, statement 2 is correct.
• Their aim was to attain political rights and self-government stage by stage.

Main Demands of Moderates :

• Expansion and reform of legislative councils.
• Greater opportunities for Indians in higher posts by holding the ICS examination simultaneously in England and in India.
• Separation of the judiciary from the executive.
• More powers for the local bodies.
• Reduction of land revenue and protection of peasants from unjust landlords.
• Abolition of salt tax and sugar duty.
• Reduction of spending on the army.
• Freedom of speech and expression and freedom to form associations.

Achievements of Moderates :

• The Moderates were able to create a wide national awakening among the people.
• They popularized the ideas of democracy, civil liberties, and representative institutions. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
• Some Moderates like Ranade and Gokhale favored social reforms. They protested against child marriage and widowhood.
• The Moderates had succeeded in getting the expansion of the legislative councils by the Indian Councils Act of 1892.

• The Indian National Congress and the Indian Association merged in 1886.
• It happened in 1886 in Calcutta, during the second meeting of the Indian National Congress.
• The Indian National Congress was presided over by Dadabhai Naoroji in 1886.
• Indian Association was a nationalist political organisation that supported Indian local self-government.
• Initiated in 1876, the Indian Association.
• It was the first openly nationalist group to be established in British India.
• Surendranath Banerjee and Ananda Mohan Bose established the Indian Association.

• Dadabhai Naoroji established the East India Association, a group with a base in London, in 1866.
• Badruddin Tyabji and colleagues created the Bombay Presidency Association in 1885.
• Henry Vivian Derozio launched the Young Bengal Movement in Calcutta.

• The Indian National Congress (INC) was the first contemporary nationalist movement to arise throughout the British Empire in Asia and Africa when it was founded in 1885.
• Under Mahatma Gandhi's direction, Congress took the lead in the Indian independence struggle starting in the late 19th century and notably after 1920.
• The Congress had a vital role in the British Empire's various anti-colonial nationalist movements as well as in the independence of India from the United Kingdom.

• The Komagata Maru was a Japanese steamship that sailed from Hong Kong to Vancouver, Canada via Japan in May, 1914.
• It was carrying 376 passengers who were immigrants from Punjab, India. Of these, only 24 were granted admittance in Canada when the ship docked in Vancouver.
• At that time, Canada had laws restricting entry of migrants of Asian origin.
• Following a two month stalemate, the ship and its 352 passengers were escorted out of the dock by the Canadian military and forced to sail back to India.

• The ship returned to Calcutta on 27 September and was stopped by the British.

• The passengers were put under guard and the ship was allowed to dock in Budge Budge, Calcutta.

• The British believed that the passengers were law breakers and political agitators.

• When the police sought to arrest the persons it viewed as leaders of the group, there was resistance and a riot ensued.

• The police fired shots and 19 passengers were killed. Baba Gurdit Singh, who was one of the persons the British wanted to arrest, escaped with some other persons.

• Most of the remaining passengers were either arrested or sent back to Punjab. Baba Gurdit Singh later surrendered to the police.

• Moderate Phase of Congress(1885-1905)
  • The moderate phase of the Congress (or the national movement) was dominated by the ‘moderates’.
  • They were people who believed in British justice and were loyal to them.
  • Education of the masses and organizing public opinion, make people aware of their rights. Hence, Statement 1 is correct.
  • Indian representation in the Executive Council and in the Indian Council in London. Hence, Statement 2 is correct.
  • Reform of the legislative councils.
  • Separation of the executive from the judiciary.
  • Increasing spending on education of Indians.
  • They believed in peaceful and constitutional methods to demand and fulfill those demands. Hence, Statement 3 is correct.
  • Used petitions, meetings, resolutions, pamphlets, memoranda, and delegations to voice their demands.
  • Their method has been called 3P – Prayers, Petition, and Protest.
  • Had complete faith in the British justice system.
  • Confined to the educated classes only. Did not try to employ the masses.
  • They aimed only at getting political rights and self-government under British dominion.
  • The extremist group of congress wanted complete independence from British rule. Hence, Statement 4 is not the idea of the Moderate group of Congress.​

• Differences Moderates and Extremists

• Moderates	Extremists
  Moderates believed in Liberalism and Moderate Politics. They believed that the British rulers were merely unaware of the plight of the Indian masses and that once they were made aware the British authorities would do their utmost to improve the lives of the local populace.	The Extremist leaders firmly believed that the British had no interest in the Indian people in mind. It was evident from the lackluster response from the authorities during a plague or famine
  The moderates found their support base in the Zamindars and the upper-middle-class	The extremists found their support bases among the educated middle-class and lower classes
  Moderates wanted greater autonomy and self-rule while still under the nominal rule of the British crown	Extremists wanted completed independence from British rule
  Moderates limited their struggle to constitutional means	Extremists often used extra-constitutional methods often during their activities
  Prayer, Petition, Persuasion, and Philanthropy. Their demands were constitutional, and so was their agitation. Their methods were regarded as ‘Passive Resistance’.	Extremists were radical in terms of their approach, and believed in militant methods including but not limited to the assassination of key personnel.
  Dadabai Naoroji, A.O. Hume	Lala Lajpat Rai, Bal Gangadhar Tilak

• The Forward Bloc emerged as a faction within the Indian National Congress in 1939. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
• It was formed on May 3, 1939, by Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose and while he resigned from the presidency of the Indian National Congress on 29 April. Hence, statement 2 is not correct.
• Subhash Chandra Bose and Jawahar Lal Nehru are known for their Leftist views in Congress.
• In 1931, Bose criticised Gandhiji, for the weak role which he played during the Second Round-Table Conference in London.
• He was very strongly opposed to the federal system for India, as was provided under the Government of India Act, 1935.
• The prime objective of the Forward Bloc was to bring all radical elements of the Congress party.
• It stood for the complete independence of India and carrying on anti-imperialist struggle till the goal was achieved. The party stood for social ownership and control of both means of production and distribution.
• It also stood for the application of principles of equality and social justice, which in the party’s view should be the basis of a new order in free India.
• The Bloc strongly favoured linguistic and cultural autonomy for all sections of Indian society.

• The idea of partition was first propounded by William Ward in 1896. Hence, statement 2 is incorrect.
  • He was the Chief Commissioner of Assam.
• Reason for the Partition (as per Britishers):
  • Before the partition, the Bengal Presidency was the biggest presidency among all contemporary presidencies.
  • Britishers stated that the huge area of the Bengal presidency makes the administration difficult.
  • To make administration more convenient, partition was necessary. Hence, statement 1 is correct.

The Partition of Bengal in 1905:

• Viceroy during the Partition: Lord Curzon.​
• It was a palpable attack on Indian Nationalism.
• Chronology:
  • 20^th July 1905, the decision related to the partition was announced.
  • 7^th August 1905, a declaration to launch the Swadeshi Movement was made at Townhall, Calcutta.
  • 16^th October 1905, the partition became effective and the day was celebrated as Mourning Day or Rakhi Diwas.
• The new province was formed by merging East Bengal & Assam.
  • Dhaka was the capital of this new province.
  • Population: 3 crores 85 Lakhs.
• The second province was made by combining West Bengal, Bihar & Odisha.
  • Population: 5 crores 40 Lakhs.

• In the Benaras Session of Congress, the proposal of the Swadeshi & Boycott movement was ratified.
  • ​President: Gopal Krishna Gokhale.
  • Year: 1905.
• In 1911, the Capital of India was shifted to Delhi.
  • ​The British Government decided to nullify the partition of Bengal in 1911 mainly to curb the peril of revolutionary terrorism.
• Bengal was reunited under Hardinge II.

• Lucknow Session of Congress in 1916 was the 31st Session of the INC.
• Ambica Charan Majumdar was the president of the Lucknow Session of Congress.
• Lucknow Pact (December 1916) was an agreement made by the Indian National Congress signed between Bal Gangadhar Tilak and the All-India Muslim League led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah. Hence statement 1 is incorrect
• It was adopted by the Congress at its Lucknow session on December 29, 1916, and by the league on Dec. 31, 1916.
• In the Lucknow session, Congress and the Muslim League signed the Lucknow Pact and build political consensus.
• Lucknow Pact was an agreement held in Lucknow, in 1916 at the joint session of both the parties i.e. Muslim League and the Indian National Congress.
• According to the pact, Congress and the League agreed to join their efforts in order to get their political aspirations fulfilled.
• According to the Lucknow Pact of 1916, any legislature would not work if more than 3/4th members of any religion were against such resolution, acceptance of such proposal led to the introduction of a kind of communal veto in the legislature. Hence statement 2 is correct.
• The unity between the two factions of the congress (i.e. Moderates & Extremists), and between Congress & the Muslim League during the Lucknow Session of Congress, aroused great political enthusiasm in the country.
• Communal politics in India was formally established with the agreement between the parties on a separate communal electorate.
• The demand of the Muslim League for communal Electorate recognized by the INC ultimately led to the partition of India in 1947.
• Lucknow pact paved the way for Hindu-Muslim cooperation in the Khilafat movement and Non-Cooperation movement from 1920.

Delhi Manifesto:

• On November 2, 1929, a conference of prominent national leaders issued a ‘Delhi Manifesto’ which put forward certain conditions for attending the Round Table Conference:
  • That the purpose of the Round Table Conference should be not to determine whether or when dominion status was to be reached but to formulate a constitution for implementation of the dominion status (thus acting as a constituent assembly) and the basic principle of dominion status should be immediately accepted. Hence, statement 1 is incorrect.
  • That the Congress should have majority representation at the conference. Hence, statement 2 is correct.
  • There should be a general amnesty for political prisoners and a policy of conciliation

Round Table Conference:

• Round Table Conference, (1930–32) was a series of meetings in three sessions called by the British government to consider the future constitution of India.
• The conference resulted from a review of the Government of India Act of 1919, undertaken in 1927 by the Simon Commission, whose report was published in 1930.
• The conference was held in London.

Justice Mahadev Govind Ranade

• He was born on 18 January 1842 at Niphad in Nashik district.
• In 1879, he became a junior judge in the Bombay High Court.
• He gave great inspiration to the work of social reform and political awareness in Maharashtra in the nineteenth century.
• He led the public sector of Pune and Bombay from 1870 to 1901
• Ranade was the original inspiration behind the work of the public meeting.
• Ranade's political views were soft. But he opposed British exploitation of Indians.
• Being a government servant, he could not take an active part in political work, but through public meetings he played the role of guide and adviser.
• In 1887, he proposed the idea of holding a social conference in conjunction with the Congress session.
• Popular Tilak criticized Ranade for his soft thinking but also glorified his work.
• Ranade wrote the book Utkarsh of Marathi power.
• His views were liberal, he believed that the right of self-government should be acquired in stages
• He died in 1901

INDIAN PROVINCIAL ELECTIONS, 1937

• Provincial elections were held in 1936-37 as mandated by the Government of India Act 1935. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
• Elections were held in eleven provinces – Madras, Central Provinces, Bihar, Orissa, United Provinces, Bombay Presidency, Assam, NWFP, Bengal, Punjab and Sindh. Hence, statement 2 is not correct.
• The final results of the elections were declared in February 1937.
• The Indian National Congress emerged in power in eight of the provinces – the three exceptions being Bengal, Punjab, and Sindh.
• The All-India Muslim League failed to form the government in any province.Hence, statement 3 is not correct.
• The results were in favour of the Indian National Congress. Of the total of 1,585 seats, it won 707.
• The All-India Muslim League won 106 seats, placing it as second-ranking party.
• The only other party to win more than 5 percent of all the assembly seats was the Unionist Party (Punjab), with 101 seats.
• After the election, Muhammad Ali Jinnah of the League offered to form coalitions with the Congress.
• The League insisted that the Congress should not nominate any Muslims to the ministries, as it (the League) claimed to be the exclusive representative of Indian Muslims.
• This was not acceptable to the Congress, and it declined the League’s offer.

Gandhi-Irwin Pact:

• On January 25, 1931, Gandhi and all other members of the Congress Working Committee (CWC) were released unconditionally.
• The CWC authorized Gandhi to initiate discussions with the viceroy.
• As a result of these discussions, a pact was signed between the viceroy, representing the British Indian Government, and Gandhi, representing the Indian people, in Delhi in March 1931.
• This Delhi Pact, also known as the Gandhi-Irwin Pact, placed Congress on an equal footing with the government.

Main Provisions:

• immediate release of all political prisoners not convicted of violence; Hence, statement 1 is not correct.
• remission of all fines not yet collected;
• return of all lands not yet sold to third parties; Hence, statement 4 is correct.
• lenient treatment to those government servants who had resigned;
• right to make salt in coastal villages for personal consumption (not for sale); Hence, statement 2 is correct.
• right to peaceful and non-aggressive picketing; Hence, statement 3 is correct.
• withdrawal of emergency ordinances.

Key Point

The Simon commission or the Indian Statutory Commission

• It arrived in India in 1928 to study constitutional reform. Hence, Statement 1 is correct.
• The Simon commission was headed by Sir John Simon with 7 Englishmen as its members. Hence, Statement 2 is not correct.
• In 1927, Viceroy Lord Irwin called Mahatma Gandhi to Delhi and informed him that a report was being prepared to bring statutory reforms to India.
• As per the Government of India Act 1919, it was decided that after 10 years from 1919 a Commission will be set which will study the working of this act and will see the progress of this act.
• Government of India Act 1919 said that the participation of Indians in the British Parliament will increase.
• This commission was supposed to be appointed in 1929 but was appointed in 1928 itself and since there were no Indian members in it, Indians saw this as an insult as they thought that some Britishers cannot determine their destiny so this Commission was boycotted.
• The Commission was strongly opposed by many Indians. Hence, Statement 3 is correct.
• The National Congress decided to boycott the commission in its Madras Session in 1927 AD, presided over by Dr Ansari.
• The Muslim League and Hindu Mahasabha decided to support the Congress.
• On 3rd February 1928 AD, the commission was greeted with Hartals and a black flag demonstration under the slogan ‘Simon Go Back’.
• At Lahore, Lala Lajpat Rai was severely beaten in a lathi charge and he succumbed to his injuries on November 17, 1928
• Thus the Simon Commission was appointed to see the Indian constitutional reforms.
• The Simon Commission report submitted in 1930 AD formed the basis for the Government of India Act, of 1935. Hence, Statement 4 is correct.

Separate (Communal) Electorate:

• A system of communal representation was introduced by Morley Minto Act 1909.
• Therefore, the 'legalized communalism' Act and Lord Minto became known as the Communal Electorate Father.
• The members of only one specific party contest the elections in different constituencies. Only members of the specific group participate in such elections.
• According to the Morley Minto Act 1909, the following groups were awarded the separate electorate:
  • Muslims
  • Big Landlords
  • British Capitalists
• According to the Government of India Act, 1919, the separate electorates were extended to:
  • ​Sikhs
  • Anglo Indians. Hence, option 3 is correct.
  • Indian Christians
  • Europeans
• ​According to the Government of India Act, 1935, the separate electorates were extended to:
  • ​Scheduled castes
  • Women
  • Labour

• Swarajists and No-changers
  • The Swarajists section was led by C.R. Das, Motilal Nehru, and Ajmal Khan.
  • They wanted an end to the boycott of legislative councils so that the nationalists could enter them to expose the basic weaknesses of these assemblies and use these councils as an arena of political struggle to arouse popular enthusiasm. Hence, Statement 1 is incorrect.
  • In other words, they advocated ‘end or mend’ these councils, i.e. if the government did not respond to the nationalist's demands, then they would obstruct the working of these councils.
  • The other school of thought led by C. Rajagopalachari, Vallabhbhai Patel, Rajendra Prasad, and M.A. Ansari came to be known as the No changers.
  • They opposed council entry and ‘end or mend strategy.
  • They advocated concentration on constructive work, and continuation of boycott and non-cooperation, and quiet preparation for the resumption of the suspended civil disobedience program. Hence, Statement 2 is correct.
  • The No-Changers argued that parliamentary work would lead to neglect of constructive work, loss of revolutionary zeal, and political corruption.
  • Constructive work would prepare everyone for the next phase of civil disobedience.

• The electoral provision of the act creates separate constituencies for Anglo-Indian, Indian Christian, and Sikh Constituencies created by the Government of India Act 1919. Hence statement a is incorrect.
• Provided for the establishment of the Federal Court (NOT Supreme Court) which was consequently set up in 1937. Hence statement b is correct.
• Rajagopalachari declared that the government of India Act was worse than the diarchy system. Hence statement d is correct.
• The Government of India Act of 1919 provided for the creation of a new office of the High Commissioner of India. Hence statement c is incorrect.
• It provided for the establishment of an All-India Federation consisting of provinces and princely states as units. However, this provision never came into force.
• It abolished dyarchy in the provinces (brought by Government of India Act 1919) and introduced ‘provincial autonomy’ in its place.
• It provided for the adoption of dyarchy at the Centre. However, this provision never came into being.
• It introduced bicameralism in six out of eleven provinces.
• ​Provided for the establishment of Reserve Bank of India.
• Provided for the establishment of Federal Public Service Commission, Provisional Public Service Commission, and Joint Public Service Commission for two or more states.

• It was issued by the chief secretary of Bengal, Thomas Carlyle on 22 October 1905.
• According to the circular ‘If any college violates the government order and the student quits the educational institution then no assistance will be provided by the government to the institute’.
• It was termed the declaration of slavery.
• It was issued when the Indian youth started opposing western education against the partition of Bengal.

• Seeing these many Swadeshi educational institutions were started.
• The National College of Bengal was started and its first principal was Aurobindo Ghosh.
• Indian Society of Oriental Arts was founded in 1906.
• S.N. Bannerjee- "The Swadeshi Movement was not only an economic or political movement but was an omnipresent movement closely associated with our entire national life".
• Mahatma Gandhi -"The real revival of India started with the partition of Bengal".
• P.C. Rai founded "Bengal Chemical Store / Swadeshi Factory"

• On 1 September 1939, Germany attacked Poland - the action that led to the Second World War.
• On 3 September 1939, Britain declared war against Germany and the British Government of India declared India's support for the war without consulting Indian opinion.
• The official Congress position was adopted at the Wardha session of the Congress Working Committee, but before that different opinions were voiced on the question of Indian support to British war efforts.
• Gandhi Ji, who had all sympathy for Britain in this war because of his total dislike of the fascist ideology, advocated unconditional support to the Allied powers. Hence, statement a is correct.
  • He made a clear distinction between the democratic nations of western Europe and the totalitarian Nazis and fascists.
  • He said that he was not willing to embarrass the British government during the war.
• Subhas Chandra Bose and other socialists, such as Acharya Narendra Dev and Jayaprakash Narayan, who had been invited by the Congress to attend the Wardha meeting so that different opinions could be discussed, had no sympathy for either side in the war. Hence, statement c is correct.
  • They thought it was the ideal time to launch a civil disobedience movement, to thus take advantage of the situation and snatch freedom from Britain.
• Jawaharlal Nehru was not ready to accept the opinion of either Gandhi or of the socialists. Hence, statement b is incorrect.
  • He was clear in his mind about the difference between democratic values and fascism.
  • He believed that justice was on the side of Britain, France and Poland, but he also believed that Britain and France were imperialist powers, and that "the war was the result of the inner contradictions of capitalism maturing since the end of World War I.
  • He, therefore, advocated no Indian participation till India itself was free.
    • However, at the same time, no advantage was to be taken of Britain's by starting an immediate civil disobedience movement.
• Gandhi was more or less isolated in his stand. In the end, he decided to go with Nehru's position, which was adopted by the Congress Working Committee.

• The CWC resolution at Wardha, condemned Fascist aggression It said that:
  • India could not be a party to a war being fought on the face of it, for democratic freedom, while that freedom was being denied to India.
  • If Britain was fighting for democracy and freedom, it should be proved by ending imperialism in its colonies and establishing full democracy in India.
  • The government should declare its war aims soon and, also, as to how the principles of democracy were to be applied to India after the war.
• The Congress leadership wanted to give every chance to the viceroy and the British Government.

Hindustan Socialist Democratic Union:

• Hindustan Socialist Democratic Union was established by Yateendranath, Ajay Ghosh and Phanindranath Ghosh.

​Ajoy Kumar Ghosh:

• Ajoy Kumar Ghosh (1909-1962) was an Indian freedom fighter and prominent leader of the Communist Party of India.
• He was a member of the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association.

Yateendra Nath:

• Yateendranath Das better known as Jatin Das was an Indian independence activist and revolutionary.
• He died in the Lahore Central Jail after a 63-day hunger strike.
• He was a member of the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association.

Phanindranath Ghosh:

• Phanindra Nath Ghosh, who was previously a prime member of the Revolutionary Party, deceitfully betrayed the cause by becoming an approver and provided evidence that led to the execution of the revolutionaries in the Lahore conspiracy case.
• He was a member of the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association.

The Indian Independence Act:

• It was based upon the Mountbatten Plan of 3rd June 1947 and was passed by the British parliament on July 5, 1947. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
• It received royal assent on July 18, 1947. Hence, statement 2 is correct.
• It provided for two dominant states: India and Pakistan. Hence, statement 3 is correct.
• The boundaries between the two dominion states were to be determined by a Boundary Commission which was headed by Sir Cyril Radcliff.
• Both the dominions of India and Pakistan were to have Governor Generals to be appointed by the British King. The act also provided for a common Governor-general if both of them agreed.
• The authority of the British Crown over the princely states ceased and they were free to join either India or Pakistan or remain independent. Hence, statement 4 is not correct.
• The constituent assemblies of both states were free to make constitutions of their respective countries.
• For the time being till the constitution was made, both of them would be governed in accordance with the Government of India act 1935. Those civil servants who had been appointed before August 15, 1947, will continue in service with the same privileges.

• In this struggle, the common people of the country demonstrated unparalleled heroism and militancy.
• It initially started as an urban revolt, marked by strikes, boycotts and picketing, which were quickly suppressed.
• In the middle of August, the focus shifted to the countryside, which witnessed a major peasant rebellion, marked by the destruction of communication systems, such as railway tracks and stations, authority and finally, the formation of "national governments" in isolated pockets.
• According to official estimates, in the first week after the arrests of the leaders, 250 railway stations were damaged or destroyed, and over 500 post offices and 150 police stations were attacked.
• The movement of trains in Bihar and Eastern U.P. was disrupted for many weeks.
• Twenty-six thousand people were convicted and 18.000 detained under the Defence of India Rules.
• Martial law had not been proclaimed, but the army, though nominally working under the orders of the civilian authorities, often did what it wanted to without any reference to the direct officers. Hence, option 1 is correct.
• The repression was as severe as it could have been under martial law.
• Gandhiji refused to condemn the violence of the people because he saw it as a reaction to the much bigger violence of the state. Hence, option 2 is correct.

Causes:

• Failure of Cripps Mission: The immediate cause for the movement was the collapse of Cripps Mission.
  • About: Under Stafford Cripps, the mission was sent to resolve the Indian question of a new constitution and self-government.
  • Reasons Behind Cripps Mission: Japanese aggression in South-East Asia, keenness of the British Government to secure the full participation of India in the war, mounting pressure from China and the United States, as well as from the Labour Party in Britain, led to British Prime Minister Winston Churchill to send the Cripps Mission to India in March 1942.
• Reasons for Collapse: It failed because it offered India not complete freedom but the Dominion Status to India, along with the partition.

• Aruna Asaf Ali was an Indian educator, political activist, and publisher. An active participant in the Indian independence movement, she is widely remembered for hoisting the Indian National flag at the Gowalia Tank Maidan, Bombay during the Quit India Movement in 1942.
• The Quit India Movement was started on 8th August 1942.
• Every year 8 August is celebrated in India as August Kranti Din.
• The failure of the Cripps Mission acted as the immediate cause of the Quit Indian Movement.
• Hindu Mahasabha officially boycotted the movement at an open front.

• Sarojini Naidu was the first Indian woman president of the Indian National Congress.
  • She became the president of the Indian National Congress in the Kanpur session in 1925.
  • She was given the title of "Nightingale of India" for her contributions in the field of poetry writing.
  • She was called 'Bharat Kokila'.
• Matangini Hazra used to lead huge processions and actively participated in the Quit India and Non-cooperation movements.
  • During the Salt Satyagrah, she stealthily got into the premises of Tamluk Court without arousing suspicion of the police guarding the building and hoisted the national flag.
  • Matangini Hazra was known as Gandhi Buri.
• Tara Rani Srivastava was an Indian freedom fighter, and part of Mahatma Gandhi's Quit India Movement.

• The British Cabinet Mission came to India in March 1946 the main members of it were Sir Stafford Cripps, Lord Pethick-Lawrence(leader), and A. V. Alexander.
• The Cabinet Mission plan came to India to give Independence by transferring power from British Government to the India Political Leadership keeping India's unity intact.
• It is formed on the instruction of Clement Atlee British Prime Minister.
• It proposed a three-tier administrative structure for India.​
• The plan didn't work out due to mistrust among Indian National Congress and Muslim League, as a result, then viceroy Lord Wavell was replaced by Lord Mountbatten.

• The cabinet discussed the demand of Pakistan by Jinnah.
• On the 2nd of September Jawahar Lal Nehru's cabinet was formed under an interim government.

Naval Mutiny 1946

• On February 18, 1946, some 1,100 Indian sailors or “ratings” of the HMIS Talwar and the Royal Indian Navy (RIN) Signal School in Bombay declared a hunger strike, triggered by the conditions and treatment of Indians in the Navy.
• The mutiny started as a strike by the ratings to protest against the hardships regarding pay, food and racial discrimination. Hence, Statement 2 is not correct.
• On the same night, a Naval Central Strike committee was created by the Ratings.
• This committee was presided by Signalman M.S Khan and the Vice president was Petty Officer Telegraphist Madan Singh.
• The populace of India was already fascinated by the heroic tales of the Indian National Army. Therefore, the strikes and hartals spread from Bombay to Calcutta, Madras and even Karachi. The foolish British commander made some derogatory remarks about the nationality of this personnel and the result was that they took possession of some ships, mounted guns over there and started firing.
• The mutineers hoisted three flags tied together on the ships which they had captured -One of Congress, One of the Muslim League, and the third Red Flag of the Communist Party of India. Hence, Statement 1 is not correct.
• The mutiny was ended by the intervention of Sardar Patel, who after a meeting with M. S. Khan made a statement about ending the strike. Hence, Statement 3 is not correct.
• A similar statement was made by Jinnah in Calcutta. The mutineers surrendered but despite the assurances of Congress and the Muslim League, many mutineers were arrested, subjected to court-martial and dismissed from the services.
• The violence broke out in Mumbai and over 200 people lost their lives in this disturbance.
• The mutiny made an impression on the British, that it would be better to leave the country. Hence, Statement 4 is correct.
• On February 19, the second day of this mutiny, Cabinet Mission was sent to India.

Individual Satyagraha

• It was the direct result of the August Offer. Hence, Statement 1 is not correct.
• August offer was brought during the critical period of war by the British in 1940. Both Congress and Muslim League rejected August Offer.
• Congress wished to launch the Civil disobedience Movement, but Gandhi saw the atmosphere against such a movement, he didn’t want to hamper the War efforts. However, Congress Socialist leaders and All India Kisan Sabha were in favour of immediate struggle.
• Gandhi was convinced that the British would not modify their policy toward India. He decided to launch Individual Satyagraha.
• Vinobha Bhave was first and Nehru was second to offer Satyagraha, by May’1941, 25000, people had been convicted for Satyagraha. Hence, Statement 2 is correct.
• Though the aim of Satyagraha was limited, it was successful in displaying unity and patience in the masses of India. Hence, Statement 3 is correct.
• This Satyagraha forced to bring Cripps Proposal which was much different from the August offer as it provided a way for Constituent Assembly and Option to any Province to withdraw – “a blueprint for India’s partition”.
• Aims of Individual Satyagraha:
  • to show that nationalist patience was not due to weakness.
  • To express people’s feelings that they are not interested in the war and that they made a distinction between Nazism and the double autocracy that ruled in India.
  • To give another opportunity to the Government to accept congress's demands peacefully. The demand of the Satyagrahi was to use freedom of speech against the war through an anti-war declaration. If government did not arrest the Satyagrahi, he or she will move repeating it in villages and start marching toward Delhi (“Delhi Chalo Movement”).

• Shankar Shivdare: Solapur Satyagraha :
  • The mill workers were at the forefront of the Solapur satyagraha to break the Salt Act.
  • On 6 May 1930, the hartal was observed in Solapur. A huge procession was organized in Solapur.
  • The District Collector gave orders of firing on the procession. Many volunteers along with Shankar Shivdare died in the firing.
  • Those who took lead in this movement, such as Mallappa Dhanshetti, Shrikrishna Sarda, Qurban Hussain, and Jagannath Shinde were hanged to death.

Additional

• Dharasana Satyagraha :
  • ​The satyagraha at Dharasana in Gujarat was led by Sarojini Naidu to break the Salt Act.
• The Peshawar Satyagraha :
  • ​In the Northwest Frontier, Khan Abdul Gafar Khan was the most loyal follower of Mahatma Gandhi. He was also known as ‘Frontier Gandhi’. He had founded the organization called ‘Khuda-i-Khidmatgar’. On 23 April 1930, he started Salt satyagraha at Peshawar.
• Individual Satyagraha :
  • ​The British Government was constantly neglecting the demands, hence the Indian National Congress decided to start anti-war propaganda. For this, it was decided that instead of a collective movement, every single person should disobey the laws. This was known as ‘Individual Satyagraha’.
  • Acharya Vinoba Bhave was the first satyagrahi of individual satyagraha.

• Underground Movement :
  • At the end of 1942, the public movement got a new turn.
  • The leadership of this movement went into the hands of young socialist activists.
  • Achyutrao Patwardhan, Aruna Asaf Ali, Yusuf Meher Ali, Sucheta Kriplani, S.M. Joshi, Shirubhau Limaye, N.G. Gore, Yashwantrao Chavan, Vasantdada Patil, Maganlal Bagdi, and Usha Mehta leaders were at the forefront.
  • The activist disrupted transport and communication as well as the government machinery by causing the breakdown of Railway routes, cutting off telephone lines, blowing up bridges, etc. The impact of the movement was seen all over India.
  • Bhai Kotwal’s ‘Azad Dasta’ in Karjat taluka of modern-day Raigad district, General Awari’s ‘Lal Sena’ in Nagpur such groups made the government helpless and witless for months.
  • In Mumbai, Vitthal Zaveri, Usha Mehta, and her companions established a secret transmission center named ‘Azad Radio’. Patriotic songs were sung on it. News of agitations in the country was broadcasted on it. Patriotic speeches were telecasted. This gave encouragement to the agitators.

• Establishment of Parallel Government Movement :
  • ​In some places in the country, British officers were driven out and the ‘People’s Government’ was established. These are called ‘Parallel Government’.
  • Parallel Governments were formed in districts of Midnapore in Bengal, Ballia, Azamgarh in Uttar Pradesh, and Purnia in Bihar.
  • In the Satara district of Maharashtra, in 1942, Krantisinh Nana Patil brought an end to the British government and established a parallel government. At Kundal, under the leadership of Krantiagrani G. D. alias Bapu Lad,
  • ‘Toofan Sena’ was established. Through its medium, collection of taxes, maintenance of law and order, punishment of criminals, such work was done by the Parallel Government.
  • People started accepting the verdict passed by the People’s Court appointed by the Parallel Government.
  • Opposition to money lenders, prohibition on liquor, the spread of literacy, opposition to caste distinctions much such constructive work was done by this government. Due to it, the Parallel Government became a source of inspiration for the public.
• Azad Hind Sena or Indian National Army :
  • In the early part of 1942, Japan conquered the territories in South East Asia which were controlled by the British.
  • Thousands of Indian soldiers and officers in the British army there fell into the hands of Japan.
  • Rash Behari Bose, with the help of Captain Mohan Singh, formed a battalion of these Indian Prisoners of War. It was named as ‘Indian National Army’ (Azad Hind Sena).
  • Later Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose led the Indian National Army.