🏞️ MCQs on Indian Rivers and Water Resources for Govt. Exams

• The Taj Mahal lies on the banks of the river Yamuna.
• The monument was built by Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan in memory for his beloved wife Mumtaj Mahal.
• It is situated in Agra, Uttar Pradesh.
• Its construction began in the year 1631 and more than 20,000 workers were employed to complete it.
• It was constructed in a span of 22 years.

• Delhi is located on the bank of river Yamuna
• Yamuna river is the second largest tributary of Ganga which begins from Yamunotri in the Himalayas

Option 2 is correct:

• Khuga is a recently build dam located near Curachandpur district, in Manipur.
• The construction had started in 1983 but the work was ignored for many years until 2002 when it was resumed. Finally, in 2010, Sonia Gandhi inaugurated the dam.
• Manipur, state of India, located in the northeastern part of the country.
• The capital of the state is Imphal.
• The Barak River, the Headstream of Meghna, rises in the hills in Manipur.
• The important tributaries of the river are Makku, Trang, Tuivai, Jiri, Sonai, Rukni, Katakhal, Dhaleswari, Langachini, Maduva and Jatinga.
• The principal language of the state is Manipuri.
• Keibul Lamjao National Park, floating national park of India is also situated in Manipur.
• Loktak lake is the famous lake of Manipur.

• It originates in the village of Dagshai in the Shivalik Hills of Himachal Pradesh at an altitude of 1,927 meters above sea level, and passes across the states of Punjab and Haryana through Rajasthan.
• It eventually dries up in the Great Indian Desert (Thar).
• The Ghaggar was possibly an Indus River affluent once.
• The seasonal movement depends on monsoonal rainfall.

• After Ganga, Godavari is India’s second-longest river.
• Triambaeswar in Maharashtra is the source of the Godavari River.
• The Godavari River drains in the states of Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Chattisgarh, Odisha, and Maharashtra.
• Out of these states, the Maharashtra state has the largest share of the water of the Godavari River.
• The River finally drains into the Bay of Bengal.

• One of the largest River basins in the Indian subcontinent is formed by the Godavari.
• The largest river in peninsular India is the Godavari, in terms of the catchment area and discharge.
• Dakshin Ganga is another name of Godavari due to its huge catchment area.

• Located in the Bandipora district of Jammu and Kashmir, the Wular Lake is the largest freshwater lake in India.
• It is a part of the Jhelum river basin and spreads over an area of about 200 km2.
• Chilika Lake is the largest non-freshwater lake in India. It is located in Odisha.
• Udai Sagar is one of the five prominent lakes of Udaipur.
• Pangong Tso is a "high grassland lake" located in Ladakh.

Wular lake is located in Jammu & Kashmir.

• Wular Lake is the 2nd largest fresh-water lake of Asia, situated on the foothills of Haramuk Mountain.
• It is spread in a total area of 200 square km covering almost 24 km in length while its breadth is 10 km.
• The lake lies between the towns of Sopur and Bandippore in Sangrama near Baramula Road.
• The main source of water for Wular Lake is River Jhelum.
• This lake also has a small island in its centre called the ‘Zaina Lank’.
• Lake Baikal is the first largest Fresh water lake in Asia.

• Kosi is known as the ‘sorrow of Bihar’.
• Kosi is also known as 'Saptakoshi' for its seven upper tributaries.
• It enters the Territory of India near Hanuman Nagar in Nepal and joins the Ganga River near Kursela in the Kathihar district.
• Ghaghra: It is also known as Saryu. It originates in Nepal.
• Kamla: Kamla barrage has been constructed on this river.
• Mahananda: It originates in Sikkim. Mahananda joins Ganga at Nawabganj in Bangladesh.

• Delhi is the capital of India and it is located on the river Yamuna.
• Delhi is the National Capital Territory (NCT)and Union Territory of India
• Yamuna River is the longest tributary of the Ganga River which flows in Northern India.
• Yamuna River arises from Yamunotri glacier and merges with the Ganga River at Triveni Sangam Prayagraj.
• Yamuna is about 1,376 km of length.
• The Godavari is India's second longest river after Ganga and it is also called Vridha Ganga.
• Krishna River is the 4^th biggest River in terms of water inflows and River basin area in India.
• Tapti River flows in central India which flows between Godavari and Narmada.

Option 1 is correct:

• Periyar river: Periyar River, which has a length of 244 km is the longest river in Kerala.
• It is a perennial river and is used for supplying drinking water.
• It is popularly called as the Lifeline of Kerala.
• Periyar river originates from the Sivagiri hills of Western Ghats and it flows through the Periyar National Park and reaches the Periyar Lake.

• Bharathapuzha river: Bharathapuzha river which has the length 209 km is the second-longest river of Kerala.
• It is considered as the Nile of Kerala and is also called as Nila.
• It is also known by other names such as Kuttipuram puzha and Ponnaniyar.
• This river originates from the Anaimalai hills of Western Ghats and flows towards the west direction.
• On the way, many rivers join Bharathapuzha and finally flow into the Arabian Sea. The river spreads across the Palakkad and Malappuram districts.
• Chaliyar river: Chaliyar River which has a length of 169 km is the fourth-longest river in Kerala.
• It is also called as Beypore river.
• The river finally joins at the Arabian Sea at an estuary.
• Chaliyar River originates from the Elambalari hills on the Western Ghats in Tamil Nadu. It flows through Wayanad, Malappuram, and Kozhikode and empties into the Arabian Sea from Beypore.
• Pampa river: Pamba River is the third-longest river in Kerala. It has a length of 176 km.
• The Pamba River originates in the Pulachimalai of the Western Ghats.

• The Ganga is the longest river in India.
• It has a length of about 2,525 kilometers.

• The Panch Prayag destinations follow the route created by the Alaknanda river, emerging from Himalaya's Satopanth glacier.
• First, Alaknanda meets Dhauliganga river at Vishnuprayag; move on to Nandaprayag to meet Nandakini river then travels to Karnaprayag to join Pindar river.
• The River Alaknanda rises at the confluence and is fed of Satopath and Bhagirathi Kharak glacier in Uttarakhand and meets the Sarasvati River tributary at Mana, India, 21 km from Tibet.
• Three km below Mana the Alaknanda flows past the Hindu pilgrimage center of Badrinath.

From Satopanth Glacier the Alaknanda River originate.

• Sutlej River is the tributary of the Indus River not of Ganga.

• The Hirakud Dam was constructed across the Mahanadi River in the state of Odisha, 15 kilometers (9 mi) from Sambalpur.
• The Hirakud Reservoir, 55 km long, extends behind the dam.
• It is one of the first major multipurpose projects in the river valley that began following the independence of India.
• Sir M. Visveswararya suggested a thorough inquiry into storage reservoirs in the Mahanadi basin after the destructive floods of 1936, to address the issue of floods in the Mahanadi delta.
• In 1945, it was agreed to invest in the possible benefits of controlling the Mahanadi for multi-purpose use under the chairmanship of Dr. B. R. Ambedkar, the Member of Labour.
• The foundation stone of the Hirakud Dam was laid on 15 March 1946 by Sir Hawthorne Lewis, the Governor of Odisha.
• In June 1947, a project report was sent to the government. The first batch of concrete was laid by Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru on 12 April 1948.
• The dam was completed in 1953 and was officially inaugurated on 13 January 1957 by Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru.
• In 1957, the overall cost of the project was ₹1,000.2 million.

• Vembanad lake is the longest lake in India is located in Kerala.
• Lake is spanning over several districts in Kerala and covers a maximum length of 95 km.

• Bisalpur Dam has been constructed in Tonk district of Rajasthan.
  • It was completed in 1999 and is built on Banas River.
  • Bisalpur Dam is a gravity dam on the Banas River near Deoli in Tonk district, Rajasthan.

• The Bisalpur dam reservoir supplies irrigation water to the Sawai Madhopur and Tonk districts.
• It also supplies drinking water to the Ajmer, Jaipur and Tonk districts.
• From Nasirabad in Ajmer district, the drinking water is also transported to the Bhilwara district via a 15-wagon train, which can carry 2.5 million litres of water.
• The reservoir has been called the lifeline of the state capital Jaipur. Currently, around half of the areas under the Jaipur Municipal Corporation get water from Bisalpur.

• In 2016, the Public Health and Engineering Department (PHED) proposed a ₹ 9.5 billion project to supply the Bisalpur water to the remaining areas of the city.

• River Narmada is a west flowing river.
• It falls in the Arabian Sea.
• It flows between the rift Valley.

• Hirakud Dam is the longest earthen dam in the world and stands across the great river Mahanadi.
• It is located in the Sambalpur district of Odisha.
• Ghatghar Dam is a major dam built on the Godavari River.
• Krishna Raja Sagar Dam (KRS) is one of the most famous dams across the Kaveri River.
• Srisailam and Nagarjuna Sagar are constructed across the Krishna River.

• River Sarayu:
  • The Sarayu originates from Lake Mansarovar in the Himalayas.
  • It is also known as the Ghaghra and the Manas Nandini.
  • It merges with the Ganga in Bihar.
  • Ayodhya, a city in Uttar Pradesh is situated on the banks of the River Sarayu.​

• River Narmada:
  • It is the largest west flowing river.
  • It acts as the boundary between North and South India.
  • It originates in the Amarkantak plateau, where the Vindhya and Satpura mountain ranges meet.
  • It flows through the states of Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Gujarat before emptying into the Arabian sea.
• River Periyar:
  • It is the longest river in the state of Kerala.
  • It is also known as The lifeline of Kerala.
  • It originates in the Sivagiri Hills of the Western Ghats.
  • It empties or drains into the Arabian Sea.
• River Mandovi:
  • It originates in the Western Ghats of Belagavi district, Karnataka
  • Panaji is situated on the banks of the river “Mandovi”.
  • It is described as the lifeline of the Indian state of Goa.
  • The river passes through Karnataka and goa before it emptying into the Arabian Sea.

• Loktak Lake is the largest freshwater lake in Northeast India and is famous for the phumdis (a series of floating islands) floating over it.
• The lake is located near Moirang town in Manipur state.

• Bansagar Dam is the multipurpose river valley project on son river in the Madhya Pradesh State of India with both irrigation and 435 Mega Watt of hydroelectric power generation.

Image of Ban Sagar Dam:

• Chilka Lake:
  • Located in the state of Odisha in eastern India, Chilika Lake is a brackish water lake and a shallow lagoon with an estuarine character spread through the districts of Puri, Khurda and Ganjam.
  • The water region of Chilika, fed by 52 rivers and rivulets, ranges from 900 to 1165 sq. km. during the summers and the monsoons respectively.
  • The pear-shaped lagoon is approximately 64.5 km long and its width varies from 5 to 18 km.
  • It is connected by a 32 km long and 1.5 km wide channel to the Bay of Bengal, most of which runs parallel to the bay, separated by a narrow spit whose width varies from 100 m to several kilometres.
  • Based on salinity and depth, the lagoon can be divided roughly into four ecological sectors, namely the southern zone, the central zone, the northern zone, and the outer channel.
  • In the lagoon, there are a variety of islands, among which Krushnaprasad, Nalaban, Kalijai, Somolo, and Birds Islands are prominent.
  • The Zoological Survey of India in 1985-87 reported over 800 species in and around the lagoon in a survey of the fauna at Chilika.
  • The list contains a variety of species, including the Barakudia limbless skink, that are rare, vulnerable, and endangered.
  • The Chilika lake is considered the biggest lagoon in India and one of the world's largest lagoons.
  • It is the largest wintering ground located anywhere on the Indian sub-continent for migratory waterfowl.

Chilika lake:

Option 4 is correct, i.e. Ghaggar.

• The Ghaggar-Hakra River is a seasonal river running in India and Pakistan during the rainy season.
• It is known as the Ghaggar River before the Ottu Veer (dam) of Haryana and the Hakra River beyond it.
• According to some scholars, it is the only surviving form of the great Saraswati river that flowed in ancient times.
• The Ghaggar originates near Shimla in the Shivalik mountains of Himachal Pradesh during the monsoon rains, passing through Kalka to Ambala in Haryana and Punjab.
• From here it enters Rajasthan wherein a basin it forms the lake Talwara in its flow season.
• Two irrigation canals in Rajasthan are also drawn from this river. There are also some tributaries of Ghaggar-Hakra River.
• This river is also known as the ' Dead River'.

• India denies Bangladesh’s allegation on floods caused due to release of water from Indian dam.

• Origin: Rises from a range connecting Longtharai and Atharamura in Tripura.
• Length: 167.4 km from origin to Indo-Bangladesh border.
• Flow Path:
• Enters Bangladesh, flows through plains, joins the Meghna river system near Daudkandi.
• Major Fall: Dumbur Falls.
• Tributaries:
• Right Bank: Kanchi Gang, Pitra Gang, San Gang, Mailak Chhara, Surma Chhara.
• Left Bank: Ek Chhari, Maharani Chhara, Ganga.Gumti river flows through Tripura and Bangladesh, north-east Indian State.
• A dam was built on the river near Dumbur, which had formed a 40 square kilometer lake.
• A 30-meter high dam was built across the river Gumti to generate 8.6 MW of power, and 46.34 sq km of fertile land was submerged by the dam.

• Pancheshwar Main Dam is a multipurpose power project to be built on the Indo-Nepal border in the state of Uttarakhand.
• It is an embankment dam. Its generation capacity is proposed to be 6480 MW.
• This project is being built on the Mahakali river.
• This project is a collective project of India and Nepal, in which India's share will be high.
• This will be completed by 2026 and power generation will start from it by 2028.

Sattal Lake

• It is situated in the Nainital district of Uttarakhand.
• It is one of the four lakes in Kumaon Hills; the other three are the Nainital Lake, the Bhimtal Lake, and the Naukuchiyatal Lake.
• The lakes sit at an altitude of 1370 metres below lush orchards in the Mehragaon valley.

Uttarakhand:

• Foundation Day: 9 November 2000 (carved out from Uttar Pradesh on this date and became the 27th state of the Republic of India).
• Capital: Gairsain(Summer), Dehradun( Winter).
• Chief Minister: Pushkar Singh Dhami
• Governor: Gurmit Singh
• State Animal: Alpine Musk Deer.
• State Bird: Himalayan Monal.
• State Tree: Buransh.
• State Flower: Brahma Kamal.

• Ashtamudi wetland is an estuary, which lies in the Kollam district.
• It is the second-largest wetland in Kerala with a palm-shaped extensive water body and eight prominent arms, adjoining the Kollam town.
• This estuary is the deepest among all the estuaries of Kerala with a maximum depth of 6.4 m.
• The wetland supports 57 species of birds (6 migratory and 51 resident species) and 97 species of fish (42 typically marine, 3 estuarine, 9 estuarine-riverine, and 15 marine-estuarine).

List of wetlands in Kerala that are identified under a National Wetland Conservation Program

• A wetland is a distinct ecosystem that is flooded by water, either permanently or seasonally, where oxygen-free processes prevail.
• Under the National Wetlands Conservation Programme (NWCP), the Ministry has identified 115 wetlands in 24 States and 2 Union Territories of the country for conservation and management

• The Almatti Dam is the main reservoir of the Upper Krishna Irrigation Project; the 290 MW power station is located on the right side of the Almatti Dam.
• The facility uses vertical plane turbines: five 55MW generators and one 15MW generator.
• Water is released into the Narayanpur reservoir after using for power generation to serve the downstream irrigation needs.
• The full reservoir level of Almatti dam was originally restricted to 519 meters MSL by the Supreme Court of India.

• Godavari river is a peninsular river. It is the longest peninsular river in India. It is also known as “Dakshin Ganga”. It covers 1465 km.
• Ganges (Ganga) is a Himalayan River. It is the longest river in India. Ganges Originates near Gangotri. It covers 2525 km.
• The Ganges passes through the states of Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, and West Bengal.
• Krishna River is a peninsular river. It is the fourth-longest river in India. It originated from Mahabaleswar, Maharashtra. It covers around 1400 km.
• Mahanadi river is also the peninsular river. It originates from the Dhamtari district of Chhattisgarh. It covers 900 km.

• Fateh Sagar Lake is located in the Udaipur district of Rajasthan
• Its name was lake Dewali but later its name was changed and named after Maharana Fateh Singh king of Udaipur

• ​The Ukai Dam is located across the Tapi river in Tapi district of Gujarat.
• The dam was completed in the year 1972.
• The length of the dam is 4962 m and has a catchment area of around 62000 Sq.km.
• This dam is also known as Vallabh Sagar.
• It is meant for Irrigation, Flood control and Power Generation.

• Lonar lake is a saline soda lake located in Buldhana district of Maharashtra.
• It is a national geological heritage monument of India.

• Vembanad lake located at Kottayam district of Kerala is the longest lake in India.
• Vembanad Lake is having 83.72km length and 14.48km width.
• In the Vembanad Lake, there is a small beautiful island called Pathiramanal or the Midnight sands.

• Damodar river runs from west to east and, in the narrow bottleneck at Asansol, it emerges on the deltaic plains of Bengal.
• It was known as the Sorrow of Bengal because of its destructive floods in the plains of West Bengal.
• Now, Damodar and its tributaries have been tamed with several dams.

• Lake Victoria is located at the border of Uganda, Kenya, and Tanzania in the African continent.
• River Nile originates from Lake Victoria and drains into the Mediterranean sea.
• Victoria Lake is the largest tropical lake in the world and one of the largest freshwater lakes in the world by area.
• Its area is 26,828 square miles (69,484 square km).
• Among the freshwater lakes of the world, it is only behind the Lake Superior of North America.
• Its waters fill a shallow depression in the center of the great plateau that stretches between the Western and Eastern Rift Valleys.
• Lake Baikal of Russia is the deepest lake in the world.
• Lake Titicaca is the world’s highest commercially navigable lake located at the border of Peru and Bolivia.
• It is also the largest lake in South America.

• River Brahmaputra:
  • It is known by the name of the Yarlung Tsangpo in the Tibet region.
  • It originates in Chemayungdung glacier in the Himalayas and drains into the Bay of Bengal.
  • It is about 2,900 km in length.
  • After flowing through Tibet it enters India through Arunachal Pradesh and flows through Assam and Bangladesh before it joins the Bay of Bengal.
  • The river crosses Assam and enters Bangladesh where the river is known as Jamuna and joins Ganga and then finally drains into the Bay of Bengal.
• River Ganga:
  • The River Ganga originates from the Gangotri glacier in Uttarakhand.
  • Alaknanda River joins Bhagirathi at Devprayag and from there the river is called Ganga.
  • Yamuna(Largest right bank tributary of Ganga), Damodar (Sorrow of Bengal), Ghagra, Gomti, Gandak, Ramganga, Kosi (Sorrow of Bihar), Son, Mahananda are major tributaries of River Ganga.
  • It flows through the states of Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, and West Bengal.
  • It is a transboundary river, flows through India and Bangladesh.
  • The total length of the river is 2600 km.
• Major tributaries of the Indus River are Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas, Sutlej.
  • Sutlej:
    • It is the longest of the five tributaries of the Indus River.
    • It is sometimes known as the Red River.
    • The Satluj finally drains into the Indus in Pakistan.
  • Beas:
    • The Beas River rises in the Himalayas in central Himachal Pradesh, India, and meets the Satluj river at Harike in Punjab.

• The Hirakud Dam is constructed across the river Mahanadi.
• Hirakud Dam is close to Sambalpur city in Odisha.

• Sambalpur is called the rice bowl of Odisha.

• It is one of the first major multipurpose river valley projects that started after India's independence.
• It began its operations in 1957.
• The total length of the Hirakud Dam is 25.79 km.

Hirakud Dam is the longest dam with a length of 25.8 kilometres. Constructed on Mahanadi River this is the historic dam In India, situated near Sambalpur District of Odisha.

• "Dams are the temples of modern India" proclaimed by Jawaharlal Nehru.
• Oldest dam in India is the Kallanai dam in Tamil Nadu built on the Kaveri river.
• The largest dam in India is the Tehri dam.

Points to know about Surajkund lake:

• This lake is believed to be built by Surajmal, a Tomar ruler in the 11th century.
• This lake is an old reservoir that lies in the Anangpur dam in Faridabad, Haryana.
• This artificial lake is present in the backdrop of Aravali hills.
• The water of Surajkund lake gets dried in the summers.
• It is fed by rainfall in the monsoon season.
• The lake water gets drained in the foothills of the Aravali hills.
• It is visited by many tourists every year in February because of the Surajkund crafts fair.

• Kolleru Lake
  • Kolleru lake is one of the largest freshwater lakes in India.
  • It is located in Andhra Pradesh between Krishna and Godavari rivers.
  • It is a major attraction to many migratory bird species like Siberian crane, ibis, painted storks, grey pelican, etc.
  • It is a safe breeding house for these migratory birds.
  • Kolleru lake wetland has been recognized with the status of one among multiple 'Wetlands of International importance' by the Ramsar convention in 2002.
  • Kolleru Bird Sanctuary which was established in 1999 protects the wetland area.
  • The Atapaka Bird Sanctuary is also located at Kolleru.

• Andhra Pradesh
  • The state of Andhra Pradesh was formed in 1953.
  • The capital of Andhra Pradesh is Amaravati.
  • The Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh is Y. S. Jaganmohan Reddy.
  • The official language of Andhra Pradesh is Telugu.

• Sutlej River is the southernmost tributary of Indus.
• Sutlej is the longest tributary of Indus in India.
  • It enters India through Shipkila pass.
  • Indira Gandhi canal is situated in the Sutlej river.
  • Sutlej is the only tributary of Indus which originates from Tibet.
  • The Bhakranankal dam is constructed across the Sutlej river.
  • Sutlej is the river known as Hesidros to the ancient Greeks.
• Indus is the only west-flowing Himalayan river.
  • It originates from the Bokharchu glacier near Manasarovar lake.
  • Indus is the longest river in Pakistan.
  • Indus Valley site Mohenjodaro is situated on the banks of the Indus river.
  • It drains into the Arabian sea at Karachi.
  • The major tributaries of Indus are:
    • Chenab.
    • Jhelum.
    • Ravi.
    • Beas.
    • Sutlej.

• Beas river is also known as Arjikuja in Vedas.
• The Baglihar dam is constructed across the Chenab river.
• The Uri power project is located on the Jhelum river.

Explanation:

• The following are the important Indian towns which reside by the rivers which are mainly asked by the assessors in the different examinations:

• Shehsnag lake is located in the Anantnag district of Jammu & Kashmir at an altitude of near about 3390m.
• Sheshnag lake has a low algal production thereby having high drinking quality.

• Hirakud Dam is located in Odisha. Hirakud Dam is built across the Mahanadi river about 15 km. Its height is 61m.
• Sir Hawthorne Lavish founded the Hirakud Dam when he was the Governor of Orissa. Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru laid the first batch of the concrete on 12 April 1948.

• Bihar has 24 dams because of the highest flood level. Chandan Dam is located in Chandan village in Bihar. The Chandan River flows near the city of Bhagalpur in the state of Bihar, India.
• Koyna Dam is situated on Koyna river in Maharashtra which rises in Mahabaleshwar hill station in Sahyadri ranges. Koyna dam construction was started in 1956. Koyna Hydroelectric Project is the largest completed hydroelectric power plant in India.
• It is a complex project with four dams including the largest dam on the Koyna river Maharashtra show the name of Koyna hydroelectricity project.
• Bhakra Nangal Dam is the second tallest Dam and is located on the border of Punjab and Himachal Pradesh. It is the highest straight gravity dam in India with a height of about 226m and it is run across 168.5 km.

• The Padma is a major river in Bangladesh.
• It is the main distributary of the Ganges, flowing generally southeast for 120 kilometres (75 mi) to its confluence with the Meghna River near the Bay of Bengal.
• The city of Rajshahi is situated on the banks of the river.

• The name the Padma is given to the lower part of the course of the Ganges (Ganga) below the point of the off-take of the Bhagirathi River (India), another Ganges River distributary also known as the Hooghly River. The Padma had, most probably, flowed through a number of channels at different times.

• Hundru falls is one of the famous tourist places in the state of Jharkhand.
• It is located in Ranchi, the capital city of Jharkhand.
• It is created on the course of the Subarnarekha River.
• Its height is approx. 98 m and is an example of a Knick point caused by Rejuvenation.

• Ganges-Brahmaputra Delta is the largest delta in the world.
• The deposition of sediment that is carried by a river created a landform called a river delta.
• The Ganges Delta also called Sunderban Delta is situated in the Bengal region of the Indian subcontinent and also in Bangladesh. The delta surface area of some 100.000 km2.
• The Ganges Delta is formed by three major rivers the Ganga, the Brahmaputra, and the Megna river. Ganges Delta is also one of the most fertile regions in the world.

• The river Ganga originates from the Gangotri glacier of the western Himalayas.
• The Brahmaputra River originates in the north from the Kailash ranges of the Himalayas at an elevation of 5,150 m just south of the lake called Konggyu Tsho.

Answer : (3) - Tamil Nadu - is a south Indian state of India which is 10th largest in terms of area in India.

• Famous Dams of Tamil Nadu are - Vaigai in Vaigai river, Perunchani Dam in Paralayar river, Mettur Dam in the Kaveri river.

Singur Dam was constructed in 1989 on the Manjeera River.

• Singur Dam is situated in Telangana's Sanga reddy district.
• Manjeera is a tributary of the River Godavari.
• The river Manjeera flows from the states of Karnataka and Telangana and originates in Maharashtra.
• It is a reservoir constructed for irrigation and hydroelectric purposes.
• It also serves Hyderabad as a drinking water source.

• Capital- Hyderabad
• Districts- 33
• Chief Minister-K.Chandrashekar Rao
• Governor- Tamilisai Soundararajan

• Tapi river does not form any delta.
• It is a west-flowing river which forms estuaries.
• Godavari river forms a delta. Indravati and Manjra are its major tributaries.

Extra information:

River Ganga:

• The River Ganga originates from the Gangotri glacier in Uttarakhand.
• Alaknanda River joins Bhagirathi at Devprayag and from there the river is called Ganga.
• Yamuna(Largest right bank tributary of Ganga), Damodar (Sorrow of Bengal), Ghagra, Gomti, Gandak, Ramganga, Kosi (Sorrow of Bihar), Son, Mahananda are major tributaries of River Ganga.
• It flows through the states of Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, and West Bengal.
• It is a transboundary river, flows through India and Bangladesh.
• The total length of the river is 2600 km.

Brahmaputra:

• The Brahmputra river originates from the Mansarovar Lake Region near Mount Kailash and flows through China, India, and Bangladesh and drain in the Bay of Bengal in Bangladesh.
• The world's largest river island lies in the Brahmputra river named "Majuli" as recorded in the Guinness Book of World Records and it is the first river Island in India.

• Historically, Udaipur was the capital of the Mewar kingdom. It is called the City of Lakes because of its natural lakes.

• Udaipur was founded in 1558 by Udai Singh II who belonged to Rajput’s Sisodia clan
• It is also called the White City.

Other cities along with their title are as follows:

Option 4 is correct, i.e. Rajasthan.

• India’s largest inland saline water lake sambhar lake is located in Rajasthan.
• Sambhar lake produces 196000 tonnes of clean salt every year.

Information about the famous lake in India:

• Kunchikal waterfall is located in Nidagodu village in Shimoga district in Karnataka.
• Its height is of 455 meters making it the highest waterfall in our country.

• Loktak lake the largest freshwater lake of the northeast is located near Moaring district of Manipur
• Loktak lake is famous for Phumdis
• Phumdis are floating masses of vegetation, soil and organic matter.
• Keibul Lamjao the world’s only floating national park is also situated on the Loktak lake of Manipur

• Ashtamudi lake is an estuary which lies in the Kollam district.
• This is the second largest wetland in Kerala with a palm-shaped extensive water body and eight prominent arms, adjoining the Kollam town.
• All the arms converge into a single outlet at Neendakara near Kollam, to enter the Arabian sea.
• This estuary is the deepest among all the estuaries of Kerala with a maximum depth of 6.4 m at the confluence zone.
• The Kallada river which originates from the western ghats, traverses through virgin forests and finally falls into the Ashtamudi wetland, after traveling a distance of about 120 km.
• The 8 arms or channels of the Ashtamudi Lake are what gave it its name.
• It is the entrance to the famous backwaters of Kerala and the houseboat rides here are extremely famous.

Option 3 is not correct.

• Brahmaputra is originating in the Chemayungdung Glacier near Manasarovar Lake in Tibet.
  • Brahmaputra enters India through Arunachal Pradesh.
  • Enters India after taking a U-turn at Namcha Barwa.
  • Flows through Tibet, India, and Bangladesh.
  • It is well known as the sorrow of Assam.
  • Brahmaputra river occupied maximum volume among Indian rivers.
  • It is known as the 'Red river in India'.
  • In Bangladesh, the Brahmaputra is known as Jamuna.
  • In Tibet, the Brahmaputra is known as Tsang Po.
  • Major tributaries of the Brahmaputra river are Dibang river, Lohit river, Dhansiri river, Kolong river, Manas river, Jaldhaka river, Teesta river, and Subansiri river.
  • National Waterway 2 (NW2) is on the Brahmaputra river.
• Ganga river originates from the Gangotri glacier of Uttarakhand.
• Yamuna river originates from the Yamunotri glacier of Uttarakhand.
• Mahanadi river originates from the Maikakla range in Chhattisgarh.

• Dudhsagar Falls ('Sea of Milk') is a four-tiered waterfall located on the Mandovi River in the Indian state of Goa.
• Dudhsagar Falls is amongst India's tallest waterfalls with a height of 310 m (1017 feet) and an average width of 30 metres (100 feet).
• The Dudhsagar falls is located in the Bhagwan Mahaveer Sanctuary and Mollem National Park among the Western Ghats.
• The Dudhsagar falls is a punctuation mark in the journey of the Mandovi River from the Western Ghats to Panjim where it meets the Arabian sea.
• The area is surrounded by deciduous forests with rich biodiversity.
• This waterfall is also known as Tambdi Surla to some of the local people.

Polavaram Project:

• Polavaram Project, is a multi-purpose National project on the Godavari River in the West Godavari District in Andhra Pradesh.
• The Polavaram project is intended to stabilise the ayacut and water supply for two crops in a year.
• The project proposes to supply irrigation water for 7.2 lakh acres, generate 960 MW hydropower and lift 80 TMC of water to the Prakasam Barrage on Krishna river. It also aims to supply 23.44 TMC of drinking water to Visakhapatnam.
• ​Recently, the Polavaram irrigation project created two Guinness world records for “pouring the highest amount of concrete" and “largest continuous concrete pour in 24 hours".

• Ganges is the longest and biggest river in India.
• Originating from Gangotri glacier, as Bhagirathi, it covers 2525km to fall in to Bay of Bengal.
• Although Indus and Brahmaputra are more lengthy than Ganges, they run over India in small length.

• Dipor Bil lake is Situated in the Kamrup district of Assam
• It was listed as the wetland under the Ramsar Convention in November 2002

• Ousteri Lake is known as "Ossudu Lake" and it is located Ossudu village in Puducherry.
• It is the largest lake of the Puducherry and it extends to about 800 hectares areas in Puducherry and Tamil Nadu.
• Kaylana Lake is located near the Jodhpur, Rajasthan and it is an artificial lake built-in 1872 AD.
• Bahour Lake is the second largest lake in Puducherry and it is one of the Important Bird regions.
• Velrampet Lake is the tourist spot in Puducherry and it extends about 100 hectares.

• Dhaulasidh Hydro Project is proposed to built in Himachal Pradesh.

Why in news?

• PM Narendra Modi announced the construction of 66 MW Dhaulasidh Hydro Project at Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh.

• The project is proposed on the horseshoe curve of the Beas.
• The project is planned on the flow of the Beas.
• It is situated near the temple at Amli village in the Nadaun sub-division of the Hamirpur district.

• The Tehri Dam is located in the state of Uttarakhand.
• It is the highest dam in India with a height of 260.5 metres.
• It is situated on the river Bhagirathi.
  • Height of the Dam: 260.5 m
  • Length of the Dam: 575 m
  • Type of Dam: Rockfill
  • Reservoir capacity: 21,00,000 acre feet
  • Installed capacity: 1000 MW

• Hirakud Dam:
  • It is the longest earthen dam in the world.
  • It is constructed across the great river Mahanadi.
  • The bulk of the Hirakud dam contains earth, concrete, and masonry materials.
  • From horizon to horizon the reservoir forms the largest artificial lake in Asia with an area of 746 sq. Km. and shoreline over 640 Kms.
  • The project was formally inaugurated by Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru on 13th January 1957.
  • The installed capacity for power generation is 347.5 MW through its two powerhouses at Burla, at the right bank, and Chiplima, at 22 km downstream of the Dam.
• Bhakra dam:
  • ​Bhakra Dam is built on the river Sutlej.
  • This joint multipurpose project of Punjab, Haryana, and Rajasthan states.
  • It is the largest project in India.
  • The total capacity of the Bakhra Nangal project is 14.7 lakh hectares.
  • The dam is the second largest water reservoir in India after the Indira Sagar Dam in Madhya Pradesh in terms of water storage.
• Sardar Sarovar Dam:
  • ​Sardar Sarovar dam is built on the river Narmada.
  • The Sardar Sarovar Dam is a concrete gravity dam built on the Narmada river in Navagam near the town of Kevadiya, Narmada District, in the state of Gujarat, India.
  • The dam was constructed to provide water and electricity to four Indian states; Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Rajasthan.

• The Sankaraparani River originates on the western slope of Gingee Hill in Viluppuram District, Tamil Nadu.
• It enters the Puducherry region at Manalipet and Pambai tributary joins Sankaraparani near Sellipet.
• The Arasalar River flows through Karaikal areas.
• The Mahe river originates on Wayanad hills and makes the northern boundary of Mahe town.
• Puducherry, Karaikal, Yanam, and Mahe are the four districts of Puducherry Union Territory.

• Gingee River originates on the western slope of Gingee hill in Viluppuram District, Tamil Nadu.
• It enters the Puducherry region at Manalipet and Pambai tributary joins Sankaraparani near Sellipet.
• The total length of the Gingee River river is 78.5 kilometers at which 34 kilometers flows in the Puducherry region.
• The Guduvaiyar River flows through the Cuddalore and Villupuram districts of Tamil Nadu and Puducherry region.
• The Nattar river flows in the Tiruvarur district of Tamil Nadu state.
• The Malattar river flows in the Vellore district of Tamil Nadu state.

• Pagara Damis situated at about 13 Km fromJaura town ofMorena District of Madhya Pradesh.
• The dam is located onAasan river.
• It is a masonry dam which was constructed in1931.

Some important dam:

• The construction of the Nagarjunasagar Dam was commenced in the year 1956 and completed by the year 1967.
• This is the largest and highest masonry dam in the world.
• The total length of Dam is 4863 metres, with a Full Storage Capacity of 408.24 TMC.

• Aner is not a tributary of the Narmada river and it is a tributary of the Tapi river.
• The tributaries of the Narmada river are Osrang, Barna, Kolar and Hiran.
• The Narmada, the largest west flowing river of the Peninsula, rises near Amarkantak range of mountains in Madhya Pradesh.
• It is the fifth-largest river in the country and the largest one in Gujarat.
• It traverses Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra and Gujarat and meets the Gulf of Cambay.

• Ropar lake or Ropar wetland is situated in Ropar district of Punjab
• It is a man-made freshwater lake covering the area near about 1360 hectares.
• The Turtle Chitra Indica and the Snake Python Molurus present here are Endangered as per IUCN Red List

• Bhilangna River is in the Garhwal region. The length of the river is 80 Km.
• Khatling glacier is located in district Tehri Garhwal of Uttarakhand.
• Bhilangana is a tributary of river Bhagirathi.
• Around the glacier, there is a thick snow-capped of Himalayan peaks which are known as the Jogin group (Altitude:6466m), Sphetic Pristwar (6905m), Barte Kauter (6579m) Kirti Stambh (6902m) and Meru.
• The trek for Khatling glacier starts from Ghuttu, a place about 62 km from Tehri. The total distance of this route is about 45 Km.

• Sardar Samand Lake was developed by Maharaja Umaid Singh in the year 1933.
• The lake is located about 60 km to the south-east of Jodhpur city on the Jodhpur Pali road.

• Sardar Samand Lake:
  • Built on the banks of a beautiful lake by Maharaja Umaid Singh in 1933, The Sardar Samand Lake Palace is a magnificent Art Deco hunting lodge.

• River Banas originates in the Khamnor hills of the Aravali range (about 5 km from Kumbhalgarh) and flows along its entire length through Rajasthan.
• Banas is a major tributary of the River Chambal, the two rivers meeting near village Rameshwar in Khandar Block in Sawai Madhopur District.
• The total length of the river is about 512 km.
• It is the longest river that flows only in Rajasthan.

• Mahi
  • It rises in Madhya Pradesh and, after flowing through the Vagad region of Rajasthan, enters Gujarat and flows into the Arabian Sea
  • It is one of the relatively few west-flowing rivers in India, alongside the endorheic Luni River, the Sabarmati River, the Tapti River and the Narmada River.
  • Most peninsular rivers in India flow eastward into the Bay of Bengal or northward into the Ganges River.
• Luni:
  • ​Luni is the largest river in Thar desert in north-west India.
  • It originates in the Pushkar valley of the Aravalli Range, near Ajmer, passes through the southeastern portion of the Thar Desert, and ends in the marshy lands of Rann of Kutch in Gujarat, after travelling a distance of 495 km.
• Chambal:
  • ​The Chambal River is a tributary of the Yamuna River in central India, and thus forms part of the greater Gangetic drainage system.
  • The river flows north-northeast through Madhya Pradesh, running for a time through Rajasthan.

• The Maithon Dam is located at Maithon in Jharkhand.

• Maithon Dam is located on thebank of river Barakar.
• It is owned by the Damodar Valley Corporation.
• Damodar Valley Project on river Damodar in Jharkhand.
• Maithon dam was specially designed for flood control and generates 60,000 kW of electric power.

• Damodar Valley Project:
  • Damodar River rises in the Kamarpet hill in the Chhotanagpur Plateau of Jharkhand.
  • Flood Control, irrigation, navigation, afforestation, and control of soil erosion.
  • Promotion of agriculture and industry, electricity generation.
  • Four dams at Tilaiya, Konar, Maithan, Panchet.
• Copper is found in the Singhbum region of the Jharkhand.
• Uranium and Thorium are found in Jadugoda (Jharkhand).

• Kynrem Falls is situated in Meghalaya.
• Kynrem Waterfalls is a stunning fall located near Cherrapunji in the East Khasi Hills district of Meghalaya.
• It is situated inside a beautiful park known as Thangkharang Park, another popular attraction of Cherrapunjee in the East Khasi Hills District of Meghalaya.
• Its height is 1001 ft.

• Kunchikal Falls in Shimoga District Karnataka is the highest waterfall in India with a height of 1493 feet.
• Overall it is the second-highest waterfall in Asia.
• Ranchi, the capital city of Jharkhand is known as the city of waterfalls in India.
• Nohkalikai Falls located near Cherrapunji has a height of 1115 feet and is one of the wettest places on Earth.

• Sabarmati river originates from the Aravalli hills in Kotdi tehsil of Udaipur district of Rajasthan.
• Sabarmati river flows through Dungarpur, Pali, Sirohi, and falls in Bay of Khambhat through Sabarkantha district of Gujarat.
• Gandhinagar (Capital of Gujarat) is situated on the bank of this river.
• Tributaries of Sabarmati river are Wakal, Hathmati, Mazam, Wetrak, and Sei.
  • (i) Sei – Padrn village of Udaipur is its origin and joins Sabarmati in Gujarat.
  • (ii) Wakal – Gogunda hills in Udaipur joins Sabarmati in Gujarat.
  • (iii) Wetrak – Joyri village in Dungarpur is its origin point and joins Sabarmati in Gujarat.

• Tamil Nadu:
  • The dam constructed across the Amaravati River.
  • The Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary, Tiruppur district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu.
  • The Amravati dam was built primarily for irrigation and flood control.
  • It also has four megawatts of electrical generating capacity installed.
  • Amaravati Dam has a significant population of mugger crocodiles living in its reservoir and catchment basin.​

Option 2 is correct, i.e. Dal Lake.

• The world's only floating post office is situated on Dal Lake. It is in Srinagar.
• It is built on a houseboat and moored on the western edge of the Dal Lake.
• It was inaugurated in 2011 by Omar Abdullah along with Sachin Pilot.
• Regular postal services are available there.
• The seal used for the Floating Post Office is unique.

Extra facts:

• Kunchikal Waterfall is located in the Varahi River.
• It is the highest water fall in India at a height of 455 m.
• It is located in Shimoga District of the state of Karnataka.
• Jog falls height 253 m(sharavati river)

Confusion Points

• The Godavari is Known as Dakshin Ganga.
• Kaveri River is known as the Ganges of South India.

River Kaveri:

• It flows through the states of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu.
• It rises at Talakaveri in the Brahmagiri Hill of the Western Ghats in the state of Karnataka.
• It is the third-largest river in south India after Godavari and Krishna and drains into the Bay of Bengal.
• It is also known as the Ganges of South India.
• Hemavati, Harangi, Amaravati, Shimsha are the few important tributaries.

River Godavari:

• The Godavari River rises from Trimbakeshwar in the Nashik district of Maharashtra.
• The basin extends over the states of Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, smaller parts in Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, and Union Territory of Puducherry and finally drains into the Bay of Bengal.
• Penganga, Wainganga, Wardha and Manjira are the few important tributaries.

River Krishna:

• The river extends over the states of Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Karnataka.
• Krishna river originates in the Western Ghats near Mahabaleshwar.
• Ghatprabha, Malprabha, Tungabhadra, Bhima, and Musi are the few important tributaries.